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155 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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PKU happens how often?
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occurs in one of every 12,000 to 15,000 live births in the United States
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To get PKU, both parents need to:
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Both parents must be carriers in order for this gene to be inherited
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The Enzyme Deficiency for PKU
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The baby is lacking an enzyme called Phenylalnine Hydroxylase
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PKU does:
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PKU is a disease that affects the way the body processes food
As a result, phenylalanine builds up in the bloodstream and causes brain damage and mental retardation Children with PKU cannot process a part of protein called phenylalanine. |
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How is the PKU test performed?
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Blood is obtained by "heel stick" and collected on a special filter paper.
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Capillary Punctures for infants for PKU
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A heelstick is the preferred method
neonates and infants under 6 months of age lateral portions of the heel |
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Obtaining specimen for PKU
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Warm the infant’s foot for about 3 minutes with a moist towel.
Clean the infant’s heel with 70% isopropyl alcohol. Allow the heel to air dry. Puncture the infant’s heel with a sterile lancet having a tip no longer than 2.5mm. Wipe away the first drop of blood with a sterile gauze. Allow the second drop to form by spontaneous free flow of blood. Elevate the infant’s foot above the body. Wipe the puncture area with a sterile gauze and apply a bandage as needed. |
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Term Words for the Infection Cycle
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Droplets can travel up to 20 feet
Incubation- time from when the person was exposed to when they show symptoms Susceptible-when a person or pt is more prone to get virus or bacteria infection Most susceptible-Diabetic, cancer, aids pt, children, and geriatric pt, and those who are sick already Direct contact- kissing, in the face Indirect- touching something they touched, sharing eating utensils, touch contaminated tissue, then rubbing your mocous membranes (eyes, nose, mouth) with hand you touch with the infected item |
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The Infection Cycle
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Microorganism pathogens- bacteria, viruses, fungus, parasites
Reservoir- known as location of infectious agent. Location can include human body or contaminated instrument. Ex- people, equipment, supplies, water, food, animals, and insects. Means of escape-known as portal of exit, meaning how did it leave the reservoir. An infected agent must leave resevoir to infect another person, it leaves through, excretions, secretions, respiratory droplets, or blood. Mode of transmission-from reservoir to the host. Happens through direct contact, airborne transmission, ingestion (meaning they ate it somehow) indirect contact, or insect bites. Means of entry- enter thru broken skin, mucous membranes, respiratory tract (can breath it in ), GI tract, reproductive system. Host susceptibility- people that have a compromised immune system (sick), children, elderly. The infectious agent must enter a person who is susceptible (weak) a susceptible host is not resistant, nor immune to the microorganism. * this is a big part of MIDTERM* |
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Growth Requirements for Microorganisms
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Microorganisms must have asuitable environment for them to survive.
Ex-Fungi needs oxygen and moisture Temp for most microorganisms to survive is 98.6F Neutral ph balance is 6.0, anything above that indicates that microbial growth exists. |
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Infection Cycle: Infectious Agents
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Ex of bacteria is tetanus
Non pathogenic bacteria live on skin and mucous membranes Pathogenic bacteria always takes over non-pathogenic bacteria Smallest of living microorganisms are viruses. They can only reproduce within a host. Once they attach they adapt Common cold, herpes, and flu, are common viruses Some ex are athletes foot, ring worm Parasites- are lil bugs like the pin worm, and tape worm |
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Hep B Virus
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Sym-Loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, fever, abdominal pain, jaundice
100 times more infectious than HIV Hep b can live on dried surfaces for one week. |
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HIV
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Sym- night sweats, weight loss, swollen glands, most often there are no symptoms
Affects the immune system Can lead to developing AIDS |
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Tuberculosis
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May get Tb from Inhaling droplets from a cough or sneeze from an infected person
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Natural Defense Mechanisms
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Nose, mucous membranes, prostatic fluid, tears, and cervical mucous, all containing lysozyme, which splits the muramic acid linkage in bacterial cell walls
Respiratory tract has upper airway filters Saliva has a special enzyme that protects us The GI tract also has barriers that include the acid ph of the stomach |
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Control requirements for microorganisms
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Be in good physical condition- healthy
Be in good emotional state Have proper exercise weekly, and every other day Have good nutrition Have proper hygiene Learn how to reduce stress in your life Limit direct or indirect contact with infected people Use universal precautions Always practice infection control |
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Infection Control Sanitization
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Wash and scrubb hands to remove body tissue and blood
When you sanitize instruments you wear utility gloves. |
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Infection Control Disinfect
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Process by which disease producing microorganisms or pathogens are killed except spores
Pertains to a chemical or physical means of destroying bacteria Germicide or bactericide Used on objects not people |
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How are infectious agents transmitted?
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From improper hand washing, run for 20 sec atleast, scrub, clean under nails, hot water
Also from instruments, werent clean enough Also from body fluids, and needle sticks |
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Infection Control Sterilization
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Destroys all life form including spores thru autoclave
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Nosocomial mean?
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Infection acquired in the hospital
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Red Blood Cells are?
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RBC- erothrocytes(what they are called)erothro(red) cytes(cell) the primary production of rbc’s is formed in bone marrow.
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The term word Anatomy
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Refers to the structure –size & shape
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Adult person has approximately _Liters of blood
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We can live with four and five liters of blood but our body holds 6 liters of blood. This is why we are allowed to donate blood
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Functions of Blood
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Transport oxygen to tissues
Transport waste products ( filter blood through the kidneys) Transport nutrients to the whole body. |
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4 Parts of the Circulatory System
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Heart
Blood vessels Blood Lymphatic system. |
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Structure of vessel walls
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Walls of arteries and veins contain three distinct layers
Tunic intima Tunica media Tunica externa |
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Differences between arteries and veins
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Arteries have thicker walls and have more smooth muscle and elastic fibers.
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Arterial blood does:
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Flows away from the heart. If you cut a persons arterey…artery blood spurts. Is bright red similar to the clor of this slide. Blood that is coming from vein is a lot darker because its oxygenated. Largest artery of the body is aorta
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Arteries
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Vasoconstriction-vessels decrease in the side of the lumen
Vessell is something that transport things. Vasodilation- vessels increase in size. |
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Blood Vessels
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Arteries, arterioles, veins, venules, and capillaries.
The bigger vessel is the arteries but the arteries can be smaller and their called arterioles. Veins smallest part is muscle. |
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Veins
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Collect blood from all tissues and organs and return it to the heart
Are classified according to size _Large veins___________ _medium veins___________ ___venules_________ |
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Venous Valves
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Venules and medium-sized veins contain valves
Prevent backflow of blood |
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Distribution of blood Pulmonary Circulation
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*Pulmonary circulation is the flow of blood between the heart and lungs
*oxygen is inhaled into the lungs from the air we breath; it starts from our mouth/ nose to the trachea (wind pipe), to the bronchioles, which branch out to the lungs. *At the bottom of our lungs we have little tiny sacs called alveoli's, which resemble grape like clusters, that are surrounded with microscopic capillaries that transport the oxygenated blood into our blood stream. |
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wash hands properly
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Wet your hands with warm, running water and apply liquid Antibacterial soap Lather well! Rub your hands vigorously together for at least 20 to 30 seconds.
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wash hands properly
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Scrub all surfaces, including the backs of your hands, wrists, between your fingers and under your fingernails
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Cellular components
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Whats in blood is blood cells
Type 1-erythrocytes-RBC-red blood cells Type2-leukocytes-WBC-white blood cells Type 3-thrombocytes-platelets |
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Erythrocytes
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They carry- oxygen and carbon dioxide
What protein- hemoglobin (combo of iron and protein that gives blood its red color) What color-red RBC lives for four months Produced in bone marrow at a rate of one million per second, and at this same rate they wear out |
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Erythrocytes
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4.5-5million RBC per cubic ml of blood
They are biconcave on both sides This allows for flexibility so they may pass thru capillaries They contain hemoglobin which helps O2 attach to cell |
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Leukocytes WBC’s normal range is ___________per cubic millimeter.
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5,000-9,000 normal range
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There are 5 main WBC’s:
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Neutrophils
Basophils Lymphocytes Monocytes Eosimophils |
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Leukocytes
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1.Responsible for destroying foreign substances such as pathogens
2.Pass thru capillary walls to enter tissue 4.Leukocytes are round and white and lack hemoglobin |
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Thrombocytes
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Known as platelets
Smallest in size compared to other cell’s-smallest of the blood cells Looks like broken pieces Platelets stick together at site of injury forming a platelet plug, promotes coagulation- promotes blood clotting Normal range is 200,000-400,000 per cubic of blood |
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Liquid Component is
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Liquid portion of whole blood
Made up of Plasma and Serum |
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Plasma
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Plasma is a pale yellow fliud
Made mostly of water Mixed with nutrients, some proteins, ions, gases, waste, fibrinogen It assist’s with clotting of blood (fibrinogen) |
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Blood is
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Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
- White Blood Cells (Leukocytes) - Platelets (Thrombocytes) - Plasma (Lymph) |
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COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
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A communicable disease such as a cold, is a disease that spreads from person to person. These are diseases you can catch from someone or something else
To prevent these types keep immunizations up to date, and wash hands thoroughly and frequently, watch what you eat, and how you eat it. |
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Influenza
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Caused by myxo virus
Affects resiratory tract Direct and indirect Inc-1-4 days Sym- fever, chills, sore throat |
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PNEUMONIA
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Caused by Pneumococcus bacterium
Inflammation of lungs Inc- few hours after exposure Sym- severe chills, fever, chest pain, difficulty breathing, blood stained sputum |
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Tetanus
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Acute (comes fast) fatal infectious disease
Affects CNS Referred to as lock jaw Caused by bacillus clostridium tetani Transmitted by puncture wounds Happens with abrasions Happens from laserations (cuts) Inc-3-21 days Sym- stiffness of jaw, stiffness of esophageal muscles, fever, and painful muscle spasms |
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Rabies
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Viral disease transmitted in saliva of infected animals
Sym- aggressive behavior, thirst, fever, pain, extreme weakness, and hallucinations |
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Varicella Zoster
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Chicken pox
Highly contagious Direct contact and droplets from respiratory tract Member of herpes virus family Inc- few days to two weeks Sym- highly piuritic rash, fever, headache, loss of appetite, general malaise (fatigue) |
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HEPATITIS A “INFECTIOUS HEPATITIS
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Sym- similar to hep b
Vaccine Recommeded for high risk groups, those who travel to other countries |
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HEPATITIS B “SERUM HEPATITIS
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Potentially fatal
Transmitted by contaminated serum via blood transfusions, and contaminated needle use. Inc-14-50 days Sym-above, and dark urine, fever |
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HEPATITIS C
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Blood borne infectious viral diesease caused by Hep C virus infection can cause liver inflammation which is known as hepatitis
Asymptomatic- without symptom But later the liver gets cirrhosis- which is fibrotic scarring of the liver, And it can also cause liver cancer Can also catch this from having sex with an infected person Also being born to a mother with hep c Sharing drug needles, or getting pricked by a needle in health care field. |
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BACTERIAL MENINGITIS
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Highly contagious
Causes inflammation of the meninges of the brain and spinal cord Causes serious long lasting effects to CNS You can die within 24-48 hrs Sym- high fever, chills, headache, vomiting |
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HIV
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Primarily infects human immune system
Specifically our T cells |
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Phlebotomy
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Means to draw blood
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Hematology
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Is the scientific study of blood and blood forming tissues. A hemotologist physician who specializes in the functions and disorders of the blood. Why is it acetic?(blood)
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Blood is the life-maintaining fluid that circulates through the body's
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Heart
*arteries *veins Capillaries |
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Allied health personnel, licensed and unlicensed health care professionals who withdraw
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*physicians
Disease intervention specialist *Medical Researchers Nurses (lVN, RN, LPN) *Physician Assistants * Medical technologists *Radiologic technologists *EMT *Military Medics *Phlebotomists * Medical Assistants |
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The purpose of phlebotomy
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Is to obtain a blood sample for diagnostic testing
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Removing blood
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The process of removing blood from the veins date back to 1400 B.C. In the early 1800’s leeches were used ina procedure called blood letting.
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In the early 1800's....
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leeches_________ were used in a procedure called “____________bloodletting________”
Bloodletting was thought to rid the body of ____impurities_____ and evil spirits |
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Leeches
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Leeches were and still used for blood letting commonly used in europe. Technihian applies leeches to an infected area or they want inflammation to go down. Leeches fall off the body when their full so don’t pull off. Some people use it for inflammation in the knees.
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Capillary Punctures
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Do not retract, put in the thing looks like a pen……left hand side is a retractable though…general lancids are used for obtaining small samples of blood from the fingertip or heel.
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Hematocrit
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This is a test to determine red blood cell count. Prick a finger and learn how to fill up glass tubes and spin in a machine
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Hematocrit
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Centerfuse machine and glass tubes. U have to separate blood from fluids
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Blood Glucose Test
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Test to Measure the sugar in blood..sugar is called glucose and glucose is found in carbohydrate foods.
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Venipunctures
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The term for blood drawing…the word veni means vein and punctures is to puncture the vein.
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Winged Infusion Set
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A lot of people call these butterflies.
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Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
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This is a test..known as esr a test used to configure the amount of inflammation in the body. Test is usually for artherits, diabetics, cancer patients….inflammations can be sign of an infection
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Urinalysis
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Analysis of urine..considered a fast accurate and non invasive procedure…still have to wear protective equipment. Ayour liver, pancreas, blood, and kidneys is a mini physical of your body is a UA
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Strep Test
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This is quick in the office……where we test for strep throat…it can affect your heart and u can die
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Mono Testing
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Mono is known as the kissing disease.
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Why a Blood Test is needed?
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Diagnostic Purposes....examples?
Yearly Physicals Septic (poison in the blood) Inflammation Hepatitis Sex Anemia (low iron) Polycythemia (too many cells) Cancer Diabetes High Cholesterol STD’s Autoimmune disorders (aids,) Heart Problems DNA Blood Type (apositive, b negative) Bleeding Disorder Pregnancy Kidney Function Arthritis AIDS/HIV Liver function Thyroid function |
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Centrifuge
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Technicians use this machine to spin blood samples..not all samples are spun and some are spun longer or shorter than others.
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Tourniquet Color Tubes
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Tie off the blood flow- tourniquet(cant leave on for more than one minute)
Different tubes for different test…….some tubes have chemicals in it. |
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Safety Hazards in the lab
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Exposed to four hazards blood born pathogens (blood in all and bodily fluids) 2. chemical hazards 3. electrical hazards 4. fire hazards
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OSHA
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The word occupational means pertaining to the workplace…..osha protects employees from occupational exposure of blood born pathogens or potentially harmful substances. Osha makes sure your boss makes sure your safe @ all times. Osha works with government to make sure you are working in a safe environment. The employer is responsible to follow all rules and reguations as well as enforce those regulations. CalOsha is more strict than OSHA.
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OSHA
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Meeting the OSHA standards is not _optional________________, failure will result in a fine that may total $_10,000_____________ for each employee
Further violations could shut _____down_____________the facility. |
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PPE
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Gloves, jackets, masks, face shields, hair cover are all used to protect against blood born pathogens and fluids.
Gloves provide a barrier but can be penetrated by needles |
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The majority of needlesticks occur when health care workers
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Dispose of their needles
*administer injections *draw blood *recap our needles *handle trash and dirty linens |
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Do Safer Needle Devices Prevent Injury
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Can’t eliminate all, but…
83% can be prevented |
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Needlesticks
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800,000________ Needlestick Injuries Occur Each Year in the United States
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Needlesticks
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16,000_________of These Are Likely to Be Contaminated by HIV
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Fact
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HBV and HCV Pose an Even Greater Risk Then HIV
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Clinical Laboratory improvement_Amendments
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Designed to set safety policies and procedures that protect the patients.
_Regulated_the laboratory tests performed on specimens taken from the human body |
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Clinical Laboratory improvement_Amendments
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Set up standards for all laboratory testing to ensure
_accuracy _reliability_ _Timeliness of patient test results regardless of where the test was performed Regulations are based on the complexity of the tests performed and affect all aspects of the laboratory |
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CLIA
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3 key factors considered in the regulations.
_type of test performed Testing must be ordered by a physician Certain laboratories can only performs tests according to their license. Personnel involved in the testing Certain tests must be performed by a licensed professional. CMA’s have a limited scope of tests that they can perform Quality control_ All equipment must be in good repair and working according to manufacture guidelines |
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Muscular System
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Muscles provide heat and movement.
Muscles provide heat to our bodies |
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Skeletal System
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Internal support
Framework Produce blood cells |
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Intergumentary system
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Intergumentary is skin, hair, and nails and provides external support. It protects your body from pathogens and microorganisms
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Lymphatic System
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Body immunity produces Lymphocytes
Absorb fats Drainage removes waste Defense system |
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Endocrine System
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Secrete
hormones |
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Respiratory System
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2 bronchials, 1 windpipe…..gas is oxygen and carbon dioxide
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Urinary System
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2Kidneys, 2utiters, 1 bladderand 1 urethia
Filter blood Remove waste |
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Nervous system
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Control all
other body systems |
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Digestive System
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Absorb food
materials Starts from the mouth includes the teeth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, large intestines and small intestines…and the colon. Absorb nutrients from food we consume. |
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Male Reproductive System
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Produce male
sex cells (sperm) |
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Female reproductive system
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Produce female
sex cells (ova) |
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Circulatory System
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Vitamins,gasses,fats, and all goes thru circ. Sys from head to toe. Blue are veins and reps. Oxygenated bllod. The arteries are red and it usues blood that has n=been circulated through the body but needs oxygen again.
Transport nutrients to body |
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Blood Glucose testing
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Aka blood sugar test or a fasting blood sugar test (fbs) also blood glucose test all mean you test for sugars but fasting blood sugar test is scheduled and it has to be the patient fasted for 8 to 12 hours and no black coffee. All test can be done by prick of finger or drawing blood from a vein so the specimen can be collected from the two diff. routes….GT glucose tolerance and GTT glucose tolerance test first they are given a nasty condensed soda and they come in fake colas give to the patient orally and the test occurs an hour after they want to make sure the pancreas dissolves the sugar and that’s how they test to see if a patient is diabetic.
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Why get for tested for bgt?
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To determine whether or not your blood glucose level is within normal ranges
To screen for, diagnose, and monitor Diabetes Pre-diabetes Hypoglycemia (low blood glucose) |
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When to get tested for bgt?
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As part of a yearly physical
When you have symptoms suggesting hyperglycemia (high blood glucose) or hypoglycemia (low blood glucose) If you are pregnant (gestational diabetes when getting diabetes when your preggers only) If you are diabetic, up to several times a day to monitor glucose levels |
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Brain and Nervous System Functions
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Brain and the nervous system cells not only rely on glucose for energy, they can only function when glucose levels in the blood remain within a narrow range.
Glucose hinges on the availability of insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas. Insulin acts as a traffic director, transporting glucose into the body's cells Directing the liver to store excess glucose as glycogen. We cannot live without glucose or insulin, and they must be in balance. Normally blood glucose levels rise slightly after a meal And insulin is secreted to lower blood glucose levels. |
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Hyperglycemia and Hypoglycemia
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Hyperglycemia and Hypoglycemia, caused by a variety of conditions, are both hard on the body.
Severe, acute high, or low blood glucose levels can be life threatening causing: Organ failure Brain damage Coma In extreme cases, death |
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During pregnancy
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What is it called? Gestational diabetes. Does it go away?
Untreated hyperglycemia that arises during pregnancy, in the form of gestational diabetes, can cause mothers to give birth to large babies who may have low glucose levels. This condition can lead to brain and nerve damage |
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GLUCOSE TESTING
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Be sure the patient has not eaten one to two hours before testing a regular finger test.
The sugars will be high if they don’t follow directions. |
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AREAS USED for glucose
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Second and third finger
Clean the finger with the alcohol swab and prick with the lancet. Apply a small drop of blood to the test strip on the monitor screen. You have 2 minutes from this point to apply a blood sample. Milk the finger until a large drop of blood is formed. Wipe the first drop of blood from the finger with a cotton swab. Milk the finger until a large drop of blood is formed. |
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Normal Ranges Fasting Blood
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This means that the pt has not ate form 8 to 12 hours
Below 70 is hypo Above 126 is hyper |
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POCT
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Point of Care testing, done in the office.
Fast, easy and efficient. Get results in minutes. Easy way for physician to know if glucose levels are out of normal ranges. Heel sticks for infants, ear lobes for infant, children and adults, but more common for children, adolescents, and adults is the finger stick. |
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phenylketonuria (PKU)
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Inherited disorder of body chemistry, pku must be done within 24 hours of birth….if we let it pass and baby has pku and we pass 24 hours the baby can become mentally retarded….1 and 10,000 baby is born with pku.
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PKU-Neonates Heel Stick
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A phenylketonuria (PKU) test is done to check whether a newborn baby has the enzyme needed to use phenylalanine in his or her body. Phenylalanine is an amino acid that is needed for normal growth and development. If a baby's body does not have the enzyme that changes phenylalanine into another amino acid called tyrosine, the phenylalanine level builds up in the baby's blood and can cause brain damage, seizures, and mental retardation.
The damage caused by PKU can begin weeks after the baby has started drinking breast milk or formula. Babies with PKU need foods low in phenylalanine to prevent severe brain damage. Phenylalanine is found in most foods that have protein, such as milk, cheese, and meats. It is important to find this disease early. All babies in the United States are tested for PKU right after birth. Each year, about 250 U.S. children get PKU.1 PKU occurs more in whites and Native Americans and is less common in blacks, Hispanics, and Asians. To have the disease, you must inherit the gene from each parent. The United States Preventive Services Task Force recommends that all newborns be tested for PKU.2 The blood sample for PKU is usually taken from your baby's heel (called a heel stick). The test is done in the first few days after birth, as early as 24 hours after birth. A follow-up test is usually done at age 7 to 10 days. A urine PKU test is done on a baby who did not have a blood test and who is older than 6 weeks. Why It Is Done A phenylketonuria (PKU) test is done to see whether a newborn baby has the enzyme to use phenylalanine in his or her body. It is important to test your baby for PKU soon after birth to prevent brain damage. Phenylalanine blood levels in a baby with PKU start to rise within 24 hours of drinking breast milk or formula. A PKU test done 2 to 3 days after birth will show whether your baby has PKU. State laws say that newborn PKU tests must be done within a few days after birth. How To Prepare Your baby should be drinking breast milk or formula for 24 hours before the blood sample is taken. PKU test results are more likely to be correct if the blood sample is taken after the baby has been drinking milk or formula for at least 48 hours. If your baby is older than 6 weeks, he or she will have a PKU urine test. You do not need to do anything before your baby has this test. How It Is Done |
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Neonatal Capillary
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v
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Blood Collection Systems
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When performing a venipuncture procedure all ways remember
+getting patient consent before the procedure +explaining the procedure you will be performing to the patient +keeping the patient information confidential +appropriate PPE’s such as gloves and a lab coat |
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Vacuum (Evacuated Tube) Systems
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Requires three components:
Evacuated sample tube Double pointed needle Special plastic holder called an Adapter The most efficient, safest, and easiest method of collecting venous blood sample Prior to the development of this system, patients who had more than one test ordered had to have multiple needlesticks! |
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Vacuum Needles
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Double pointed needle
Multi-sample needle is 1-1 ½ inches long Gauge is 21-23 One end of the needle pierces the patient’s vein The other end, pierces a vacuum tube |
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Parts of A Needle 3 PARTS
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A needle has three parts, the hub, the shaft, and the bevel. The hub is at one end of the needle and is the part that attaches to the syringe. The shaft is the long slender stem of the needle that is beveled at one end to form a point. The hollow bore of the needle shaft is known as the lumen. Disposable needles should always be used when preparing admixtures as they are presterilized and individually wrapped to maintain sterility.
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Vacuum (Evacuated Tube) Systems
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Evacuated Tubes
Can be used in both vacuum tube system and in the syringe method Blood can be collected directly into the tube during the actual venipuncture Tubes hold different amounts |
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The Syringe System
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Used less often than the vacuum tube method
This system is preferred for veins that can collapse under a vacuum: Small children Geriatric patients Fragile surface veins Small veins Veins that roll Veins on the back of the hand or from the foot |
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The Syringe System
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Hypodermic needle
Disposable plastic syringe |
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Winged Infusion System
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Combines both the benefits of the syringe system and the vacuum tube system
Used for small veins that are difficult to puncture and have a tendency to collapse |
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Winged Infusion System
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21 to 23 Gauge with attached plastic wings
23 G is the most common size 6 or 12 inches of tubing leads from the needle On the other end of the tubing is a hub that can attach to a syringe |
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Winged Infusion System
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The butterfly needle slides into a small surface vein in the back of the hand, wrist, or foot
The needle is inserted at a 5 to 10 degree angle and then threaded into the vein |
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winged infusion
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1 butterfly wing infusion
2 adapter needle holder 6 vaccum tube 3 double ended needle 4 barrell 5 hub Packaging identifies the gauge and the length |
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Greet and Identify patient Ask about allergies
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Greet and identify pt….really ask about latex allergies
Most important steps to blood draws Name DOB Consent/verbal is fine Medical Record Number Identify the patient |
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Veins Used for Blood Collection
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Basilic, Cephalic, Median Cubital
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Best Available sites in order
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Best Available sites in order:
Antecubital Hand Wrist Foot |
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Perform the venipuncture
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Less pain will be experienced if the bevel of the needle is up
The needle should be inserted at a 10 to15(what she said in class) to 30 degree angle to the surface of the skin Never go lower than 10 but u can do 25 |
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Cholesterol is an essential fat for our bodies
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Our body makes up 80 percent of choleserol with the help of the liver.
We use the cholesterol to make hormones Cholesterol is a waxy substance that our bodies need to maintain the function of the nervous system.this includes the function of the skin, muscles, liver, intestines and the heart. Dietary cholesterol is the kind we eat…dietary means pertaining to what u eat…it comes only from animal origin… |
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Cholesterol
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HDL : “Good” Cholesterol
LDL: “Bad” Cholesterol Total Cholesterol |
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cholesterol
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Hdl chol. Protects arties from forming plaque.
HDL- high density lipoprotein “good” cholesterol A low hdl cause stroke and coronary artery disease….. Ldl- bad cholesterol Ldl- causes plaque fomation and makes blood sticky and also you clot faster. Too much ldl can affect the brain, heart and lungs. This condition is called atherosclerosis (plaque build up) this can leave to stroke or cad(coranary artery disease) Blood thinners will open up a clot…. |
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cholesterol
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Cholesterol levels provide knowledge about your potential for cardiovascular disease (cardiovascular means pertaing to the vessells of the heart)
Angina (means pain) TIAS Arterial disease is all attacks of the heart but is not quite a heart attack. |
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Total Cholesterol LDL & HDL = Total Cholesterol
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Total cholesterol
Desirable level: 180 to 200 mg/dl Borderline risk: 200-240 mg/dl Undesirable risk: above 240 mg/dl |
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LDL
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Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) or "bad" cholesterol Desirable level:90-130 mg/dl
Borderline risk:130-160 mg/dl Undesirable risk:anything above160 mg/dl |
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HDL
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High-density lipoprotein (HDL) or "good" cholesterol Desirable level: above 45-65 mg/dl
Undesirable risk:below 35 mg/dl |
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TRIGLYCERIDE
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Energy
Excessive amounts= adipose tissue. Desirable:less than 150 |
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Skin Punctures
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Dermal punctures
Capillary punctures Cafinger sticks |
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Capillary Sampling
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Using a rolling movement of your thumb, lightly press and “Milk” the finger from the top knuckle towards the tip.
This stimulates the flow of blood towards the sampling area. |
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Hematocrit Testing
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Alternative name: HCT
Referred to as packed RBC volume A hematocrit test is part of the Complete Blood Test Can be individually ordered by the physician rather than an entire CBC |
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Formed Elements Red blood cells
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RBCs
Erythrocytes Function: transport oxygen and carbon dioxide to deliver iron |
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Formed Elements White blood cells
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WBCs (leukocytes)
Function: general and specific immunity to pathogens invading the body |
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Formed Elements Platelets
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Platelets are cells that contain many chemicals including ones that help seal broken blood vessels
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Anemia
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A low hemoglobin measurement usually means the person has anemia.
Anemia results from a decrease in the number, size, or function of RBCs. Common causes include excessive bleeding, a deficiency of iron, vitamin B12, or folic acid or mechanical trauma |
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What does the test result mean?
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Normal values in an adult are 12 to 18 grams per deciliter (100 milliliters) of blood.
Men 14.0-18.0 Women 11.5-16.0 |
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Sickle cell anemia is an inherited blood disorder, characterized primarily by chronic anemia and periodic episodes of pain
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A low hemoglobin measurement usually means the person has anemia.
Anemia results from a decrease in the number, size, or function of RBCs. Iron Deficiency Anemia Most frequently seen in an ambulatory care setting |
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There are many different types and locations of medical laboratories
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size
capability affiliations |
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Independent Laboratories
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Located within a medical center or large clinic
Receive samples from: Specimens are collected there and are taken back to lab for centeral lab processing. |
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Reference Laboratories
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These are known to be independent labs there used by different hospitals or by physicians for more complex or specialized test…more expensive….specific DNA test….complex comprehensive test
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Point-Of-Care-Testing POCT
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Also known as near patient testing or bedside test…the point of this is to generate a result quickly so that appropriate treatment can be implemented. We Do POCT in clinics alot
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Type Of POCT Tests
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Electrolyte systems
blood gas hand held single use Blood gas is they draw ur blood from iv port and its measuring how much oxygen you have and then it goes back in your body. handh |
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Physician Office Laboratory
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Common medical test can be performed and inexpensively performed in the doctors office by the MA
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Laboratory Departments
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Test whats inside whole blood…red blood cells, white blood cells, esr testing,,,,they asses components of whole blood in platelettes…
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Parasitology Department
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Where ova and parasite testing or testing…..means little bugs that are inside blood or body….the parasites come out in stool and there looking for scabies, penworms and maleria. We test in clinic for this
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