Theory

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Complex Adaptive System Definition

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is a theory to explain emergent phenomena observed in systems composed of interacting adaptive agents.

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Key idea RBV

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Firms are heterogenous in terms of resources they control. Resources are how they sustain competitive advantage.

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Attributes of Resources that Generate Sustained competitive advantage RBV

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Valuable, Rare, Imperfectly imitable, non-substitutable

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RBV in IS

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Mainly used in value of IT literature

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Key Articles

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Authors RBV,Barney 1986 (founder), Hulland 2004 (IS extension)

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Extensions RBV

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Resource complementarity, dynamic environment

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Importance of TAM

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First IS theory. Fell out of favor after overuse.

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Key Articles, Authors TAM

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Davis 1989, 1991, Venkatesh 2003

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Key Articles, Authors SET

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Homans (founder), Blau (quantified the theory)

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Roots SET

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rational choice theory (microecon), learning behavior (social psychology), power (sociology)

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Basic Idea SET

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Value = Rewards – Costs (rewards and costs can be tangible or intangible. Rules govern the exchange like reciprocity, social norms... )

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Assumptions SET

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1- individuals seek rewards and avoid punishments 2- Individuals choose the exchanges that maximize their utility 3- Individuals have access to info on exchanges. 4 – individuals are goal oriented 5 – Value standards are dynamic. 6 – Repetition creates patterns and develop social structures.

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SET in IS

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Used in outsourcing and adoption

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Key Articles Authors TCE

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Coase (1937 founder), Malone et al. (1987 IS implementer)

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Basic Idea TCE

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Using market mechanism has costs, firms (hierarchies) exist as a cost saving mechanism.

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TCE in IS

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If information systems can reduce transaction costs, IS can give rise to markets rather than hierarchies. Turns out usually what emerges is hybrid forms.

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Criticism to TCE

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TCE neglects influence of prexisting relations. TCE neglects power relations between suplliers and buyers.

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Key Articles, Authors STRUCTURATION

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Giddens (founder 1974), Orlikowski and Robey (IS implementation, 1991)

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Basic Idea STRUCTURATION

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Structuration is the social progress that leads to the reciprocal interaction of actions and structures

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Key Elements STRUCTURATION

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Social systems: actions situated in social practice. Social structures: contextual rules and resources that enable interactions. Actions result from stock of knowledge, resources and norms.

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STRUCTURATION in IS

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structuration is the bridge between use and design. The artifact defines human actions and in turn is defined by the human actions.

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Basic Idea CDT

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Private opinion of the people changes to bring into consistency with the behavior the person is forced to

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Factors that affect the strength of dissonance CDT

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Number of dissonant beliefs. Importance attached to each belief

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Ways to eliminate dissonance CDT

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1- Reduce importance of beliefs, 2- add more consonant beliefs, 3- change dissonant beliefs

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CDT in IS

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IS implementation success. Reduce unrealistic expectations.

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Basic Idea PT

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How people make decisions under uncertainty and risk. Gains are more valued than losses.

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Key Articles, Authors PT

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Kahneman and Tversky (founders, 1979)

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Origins PT

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PT addresses the shortcomings of expected utility theory by explaining seemingly irrational behavior.

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Value Function PT

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Deviation from status quo concave for gains, convex for losses. Also the function is steeper in loss (loss aversion)

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Weighting Function PT

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Different weighting schemes are used when evaluating outcomes. Moderate or highly likely events are underweighted where as unlikely events are overweighted.

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Framing Effect PT

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Same problem can be framed as either a loss or a gain. This will determine the outcome.

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PT in IS

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Used in escalation of commitment to IT projects, development time, bidding on IT projects.

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Origins Agency Theory

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Agency theory originates from institutional economics.

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Basic Idea Agency Theory

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Relationship between a principal and an agent. Agency problem is that agent can act opportunistically due to (1) goal incongruence, (2) monitoring problem. Agency problem causes losses (Agency Costs: Monitoring, Bonding,Residual cost)

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Agency Problem (Agency Theory)

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The agent can act opportunistically because his goals are different from principal's and the principal can not effectively monitor the agent.

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Agency Cost

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The opportunistic behavior of the agent can create losses: Monitoring cost incurred by principal to observe the agent. Bonding cost incured by the agent to make his/her services more attractive and Residual cost: opportunity cost of not having principal do his own ****.

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Agency Theory in IS

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Software developers and deadline setting.

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Agency Theory Moral Hazard

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Due to assymetric info, the agent can act opportunistically

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Agency Theory Adverse Selection

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Due to assymetric info the market can become adverse to good agents

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Agency Theory Risk Preference

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Agent and Principal will have different risk preferences (risk averse agent is usual for low-mid level), this may lead the agent to act in ways that the principal does not approve 100%.

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Bol

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sans