Theories Quiz #2

Front 1

Fictional Finalism

Back 1

A term used by Adler to denote the characteristic form of human motivation, being driven by striving after unattainable ultimate goals. Except in cases of neurosis, however, people are normally able to suspend such fantasies and adopt more realistic judgements of the future.

Front 2

Death Anxiety

Back 2

People tend to fear 3 things related to death:
-what comes after death
-the "event" of dying
-ceasing to be
*Death anxiety gets transformed "from nothing to something"

denial of death=pathology

Front 3

Boundary situations

Back 3

Urgent experience that puts one in confrontation with one's existential situation.

Existence cannot be postponed;

Therapist need not provide the experience, only help client recognize reality.

Front 4

Responsibility (as related to Existential Psychology)

Back 4

authorship of one's own life; creation of one's own self, life situation, feelings, and suffering; if client is blaming others, no real therapy is possible; one is entirely responsible for life, not only for actions but also for failure to act.

Front 5

Groundlessness

Back 5

Realization of responsibility is unsettling; no rules, no ethical systems, no guides; the very ground seems to open up; "the most fundamental anxiety"

Front 6

Three types of isolation

Back 6

1) Interpersonal: isolation from others, experienced as loneliness
2) Intrapersonal: disconnection from oneself, stifling of one's wished, feelings, desires
3) Existential: gap between self and world, disconnection between self and any other being or thing

Front 7

Dereflection

Back 7

diverting clients gaze away from themselves and their pain toward other parts of personality and meaning in life (Frankl term); i.e. trouble with sex -> only focus on satisfying partner, not own satisfaction

Front 8

Failure to acknowledge freedom

Back 8

-reduction in imagination, wonder, courage
-Wallflower, rigid bureaucrat, robotic conformist (in denial of freedom)

Front 9

Failure to acknowledge limitation

Back 9

-suppression of the ability to discern and discipline
-shiftless person, impulsive phianderer, self-indulgent abuser

Front 10

4 types of Destiny (according to Rollo May)

Back 10

1) Cosmic: events in nature (earthquakes, global warming)
2) Genetic: parameters of physiology (lifespan, temperature)
3) Cultural: Predetermined social patterns (language, class)
4) Circumstantial: Unforeseeen situational events (war, recession)

Front 11

"Will to Power" (Nietzsche)

Back 11

personal source of values & direction; we can release ourselves by giving in to this will

Front 12

Herd Morality (Nietzsche)

Back 12

"herd of sheep" -> if we all follow each other, we can only have mediocrity

Front 13

The Basic Conflict of Existential Psychology

Back 13

one that flows from the person's confrontation with the givens of existence (i.e. meaninglessness, uncertainty, death, freedom, isolation)

Front 14

Schemas

Back 14

structures that contain fundamental beliefs and assumptions; formed early in life and generally not conscious

Front 15

Cognitive Distortions

Back 15

errors in logic that tilt reality in the direction of self-deprecation; arbitrary inferences, selective abstraction, overgeneralization, magnification and minimization, personalization, dichotomous thinking

Front 16

Arbitrary Inferences

Back 16

making conclusions without relevant supporting evidence (i.e. starting job and thinking coworkers will hate you, "thinking the worst")

Front 17

Selective Abstraction

Back 17

Forming conclusions based on an isolated detail of an event; total context missed (i.e. man jealous because wife leans closer to another man when really she just couldn't hear him)

Front 18

Overgeneralization

Back 18

Holding extreme beliefs on the basis of a single event and applying them to other events/settings (i.e. 1 bad date=all dating is bad)

Front 19

Magnification and Minimization

Back 19

Perceiving a situation in a greater or lesser light than it truly deserves (i.e. considering a cold to be cancer or vice versa)

Front 20

Personalization

Back 20

Relating external events to the self-even when there is no basis for the connection (i.e. wave to friend & they don't wave back = friend is mad at you)

Front 21

Dichotomous Thinking

Back 21

Thinking in all-or-nothing terms or categorizing experiences into either/or extremes; black and white thinking

Front 22

The Cognitive Triad

Back 22

A depressed individual has a negative view of:
1) Self - tends to feel deserted, worthless, inadequate
2) World - viewed as hostile, void of any meaning at all
3) Future - hopelessness

Front 23

3 Fundamental Concepts of Cognitive Therapy

Back 23

1) Collaborative Empiricism - "co-investigators"; assumptions/interpretations treated as hypotheses; evidence examined re: client's cognitions
2) Socratic Dialogue - series of questions that promote learning; questions help to clarify or define problem; assist in i.d. of thoughts/assumptions; examine the meaning of events; assess the conseq. of maladaptive thoughts/behaviors; client arrives at conclusions based on questions
3) Guided Discovery - process through which client modifies maladaptive beliefs; therapist serves as "guide" who illuminates errors in thinking; behavioral experiments lead to new skills and perspectives; therapist encourages client's use of information, facts, and probab. to obtain a new perspective

Front 24

Decatastrophizing

Back 24

-the "what if" technique
-helps clients prepare for feared consequences
-decreases avoidance - esp when combined with coping plans

Front 25

Reattribution

Back 25

-test automatic thoughts by considering alternative causes of events
-helpful with clients who tend to personalize events
-encourages reality testing and appropriate assignment of responsibility
*generally unreasonable to conclude that 1 single factor was the cause of an event

Front 26

Redefining

Back 26

-mobilizing a client who believes a problem is beyond personal control (i.e. being more proactive)
-considering a different formulation of the situation

Front 27

Decentering

Back 27

-client who believes they are the focus of all attention
-examining the logic behind this belief and considering alternatives

Front 28

Basic Assumption of REBT

Back 28

people contribute to their own psychological problems and symptoms via their interpretation of events/situations

Front 29

REBT's view of emotional disturbance

Back 29

-we originally learn irrational beliefs from significant others in childhood
-we create additional beliefs on our own
-irrational beliefs are reinforced and maintained by behaving as if they are useful
-Dysfunctional attitudes are "kept alive"
-People do not NEED to be accepted and loved (even though it is desirable)

Front 30

A-B-C Theory of Personality

Back 30

A= Activating Event (i.e. Divorce)

B= Belief ("I was a failure, I will always be alone")

C= Consequence (emotional and behavioral

*intervention occurs around beliefs

Front 31

Rational-Emotive Imagery

Back 31

-intense mental practice designed to establish new emotional patterns
-clients imagine themselves thinking, feeling, and behaving the way they would like to in real life
-should be practiced in session and during the week outside of therapy

*imagine what it would be like to walk into a party & be outgoing
*can be used to imagine "worst-case scenarios" to reduce fear & avoidance

Front 32

Operant Conditioning

Back 32

-behaviors are influenced by the consequences that follow them
-if the behavior is reinforced by the environment, it is likely it will occur again
-if there is no reinforcement or an aversive stimuli, the behavior is likely reduced

Front 33

The BASIC ID (Arnold Lazarus)

Back 33

B=Behavior
A=Affect
S=Sensation
I=Imagery
C=Cognition
I=Interpersonal Relationships
D=Drugs/biology

Front 34

B=Behavior (BASIC ID)

Back 34

-Overt behaviors including acts, habits, reactions
-Behaviors are observable and measurable
-"what would you like to change?" "What would you like to stop/start doing?" "what specific behaviors keep you from getting what you want?"

Front 35

A=Affect (BASIC ID)

Back 35

-emotions, moods, and strong feelings
-"What emotions do you experience most often?" "What makes you laugh/cry/happy/scared?" "What emotions are problematic?"

Front 36

S=Sensation (BASIC ID)

Back 36

-5 basic senses
-"Do you suffer from unpleasant sensations?" "What do you like/dislike in the way of seeing, smelling etc?"

Front 37

I=Imagery (BASIC ID)

Back 37

-the ways in which we picture ourselves
-memories, dreams, fantasies
-"what are some distressing dreams/memories?" "How do you view yourself now/in the future?"

Front 38

C=Cognition

Back 38

Insights, ideas, opinions, self-talk, values, attitudes
-"How do you meet your intellectual needs?" "What values do you most cherish?" "What are the main 'shoulds' in your life?"

Front 39

I=Interpersonal Relationships (BASIC ID)

Back 39

-Interactions with other people
-"How social are you?" "What do you expect from significant others?" "What do you wish was different in your relationship?"

Front 40

D=Drugs/biology (BASIC ID)

Back 40

-Medications, recreational substance use, nutrition, exercise etc
-"Are you healthy?" "What are your general health habits?"

Front 41

Operant Conditioning Techniques

Back 41

1) Positive Reinforcement
2) Negative Reinforcement
3) Extinction
4) Punishment

Front 42

Positive Reinforcement

Back 42

-we respond in predictable ways because of gains we experience
-goal: to increase a target behavior
-addition of something of value as a consequence to a certain behavior
-the stimulus that follows the behavior is the positive reinforcer

i.e. if kid gets a good grade, he gets a puppy

Front 43

Negative Reinforcement

Back 43

-escape from or avoidance of unpleasant stimuli
-motivated to exhibit a desired behavior to AVOID the unpleasant condition
-goal: to increase a behavior

i.e. put qtrs in meter to avoid a parking ticket

Front 44

Extinction

Back 44

-withholding reinforcement from a previously reinforced response
-goal: to decrease a behavior
-useful with behaviors that have been maintained by positive reinforcement
-eliminating the connection between a behavior and the reinforcement
-can reduce or eliminate certain behaviors but does not replace the behaviors

Front 45

Punishment

Back 45

-goal: to decrease a behavior
-positive punishment: aversive stimulus is added after a behavior (ex: spanking)
-negative punishment: stimulus is removed after a behavior (ex: taking away television)
-does not result in teaching new behaviors

Front 46

Systematic Desensitization

Back 46

-initial assessment of the anxiety and relevant background info
-development of the anxiety hierarchy-> creating a scale of 1-10 (anxiety level of 1=nailing a public speech)
-successive imagination of anxiety provoking situations as they simultaneously participate in relaxation exercises

Front 47

DBT (Dialectical Behavior Therapy) components

Back 47

-balancing change and acceptance
-relationships between polarities (dialectic)
-mindfulness: awareness of emotions/thoughts, description, nonjudgmental attitude, staying in the present, and focusing on one thing at a time

Front 48

Gestalt Therapy's notion of psychological health

Back 48

-one is aware of shifting need states
-what is most important becomes the figure of one's awareness
-identifying with one's moment-to-moment experience and allowing it to organize behavior

Front 49

The Paradoxical theory of change

Back 49

-the more one tries to become what one is not, the more one stays the same
-the more one tries to be where it does not fit, the more fragmented, as opposed to whole
-one must accept oneself as he or she is, but must be working ot change

Front 50

Unfinished business

Back 50

-figures arise from the background but are not completed and resolved
-feelings are not fully expressed in awareness
-carry into current life in ways that interfere with self and other
-unfinished business persists until it is dealt with
-unexpressed feelings tend to create some physical symptom (prevents one from being fully present)

Front 51

Contact

Back 51

-contact is necessary if change and growth are to occur
-levels of contact rather than a final state
-Resistances to contact: defenses we develop to prevent us from experiencing the present in a full way

Front 52

5 Types of resistance to contact

Back 52

1) Introjection
2) Projection
3) Retroflection
4) Deflection
5) Confluence

*developed to escape experiencing present completely

Front 53

Introjection

Back 53

Tendency to uncritically accept others' beliefs and standards without assimilating them and making them congruent with who we are

Front 54

Projection

Back 54

Reverse of introjection; disowning parts of ourselves by assigning them to environment; hard time distinguishing from inner and outer worlds

Front 55

Retroflection

Back 55

Turning back to ourselves what we would like to do to someone else or doing to ourselves what we would like someone to do to us
i.e. self-injury-> desire to harm others

Front 56

Deflection

Back 56

The process of distraction that makes sustained attention on the present difficult
-a means of blunting the impact of contact and awareness by not giving or receiving feelings or thoughts directly (vagueness)

Front 57

Confluence

Back 57

blurring of the differentiation between the self and environment
-merges self into the beliefs, attitudes, and feelings of others
*can be healthy or unhealthy

Front 58

3 Gestalt Concepts in Therapy

Back 58

1) Awareness
2) Contact
3) Experiment

Front 59

Awareness (Gestalt Therapy)

Back 59

-developing awareness of the awareness process (of what & how are you aware in this moment)
-difference between knowing something and owning something
-natural occurrences in healthy self-regulation
-awareness must be allowed to impact the client

Front 60

Contact (Gestalt Therapy)

Back 60

-The relationship between the client and therapist
-more than what is said-also the nonverbal realm
-client's reality is equally important as therapist's
-creates atmosphere of safety
-"inclusion"-> feeling the experience of the other while maintaining an awareness of self; personally & internally

Front 61

Experiment

Back 61

-Reflecting what the client experiences
-client and therapist experiment with different ways of being to achieve genuine understanding (rather than mere changes in behavior)
-the mode of change is the client's knowledge and acceptance of self

Front 62

Focusing (GT intervention)

Back 62

-helping client clarify by focusing on his/her awareness
-> "What are you aware of right here, right now?"

Front 63

Empty-Chair Technique (GT intervention)

Back 63

-integrating splits in personality
(splits->disowned parts of self)
*client sits in 1 chair and talks as if "top dog", then switches to toher chair and plays "under dog"
->parts become integrated through conversation

Front 64

The Reversal Exercise (GT intervention)

Back 64

-based on belief that certain symptoms or behaviors represent reversals/opposites of underlying impulse
-giving voice to the "split-off part"
i.e. asking a shy client to behave in an opposite way

Front 65

The Rehearsal Exercise (GT intervention)

Back 65

-People often silently rehearse in order to gain acceptance
-silently rehearse before contact
-rehearsal consumes a lot of energy & takes away authenticity
-get client to share how they rehearse (what is it like)

Front 66

The Exaggeration Exercise (GT intervention)

Back 66

-exaggeration of a movement or gesture
-idea is that there is meaning behind physical movements/gestures
i.e. shaking leg->have client exaggerate that)

Front 67

6 Principles of Feminist Psychology

Back 67

1) The Personal is Political
2) Personal and Social Identities are Interdependent
3) Definitions of Distress and Mental Illness are Reformulated
4) Feminist Therapists Use an Integrated Analysis of Oppression
5) The Counseling Relationship is Egalitarian
6) Women's Perspectives are Valued

Front 68

The Personal is Political

Back 68

-clients' individual problems have social and political roots; aims for individual AND social change

Front 69

Personal and Social Identities are Interdependent

Back 69

-clients are best understood in the context of their sociocultural environments
*all members of interdependent social groups

Front 70

Definitions of Distress and Mental Illness are Reformulated

Back 70

Feminist theory rejects the "disease model" of mental illness---intrapsychic/interpersonal factors are only partial explanations
-communication of unjust systems
-symptoms -> survival strategies

Front 71

Feminist Therapists Use an Integrated Analysis of Oppression

Back 71

-Gender is an essential consideration, both in terms of oppression and understanding differences---both men and women are impacted by sexes being differently privileged

Front 72

The Counseling Relationship is Egalitarian

Back 72

-attention to power is central in feminist therapy, and the therapeutic relationship is designed to be equal
-clients are experts of themselves
-voice of the oppressed is full of knowledge

Front 73

Women's Perspectives are Valued

Back 73

women's perspectives are considered central in understanding their distress---many theories conceptualize men/women in a polarized way

Front 74

Feminist Therapeutic Goals

Back 74

-become aware of their own gender-role socialization process
-identify internalized messages and replace them with more self-enhancing beliefs
-understand how sexist/oppressive beliefs and practices influence them in negative ways
-acquire skills to bring about change in the environment
-develop a wide range of behaviors that are freely chosen
-evaluate the impact of social factors on their lives
-develop a sense of social and personal power
-recognize the power of relationships and connectedness
-trust their own experience and intuition

Front 75

Adlerian General Theory of Personality

Back 75

-person forms general approach to life by age 6
-humans are motivated primarily by social relatedness
-past played out in present
-focus of therapy is consciousness, not unconsc
-choices, responsibility, meaning, striving for success, completion and perfection
-behavior is determined by values, beliefs, attitudes, goals, interests, and perception of reality
-holistic, social, systemic, and humanistic
-important to understand people within the systems of which they are a part
-re-educating people and re-shaping society
-a psychology of "use" rather than "possession"
i.e. what we do with what we have; you don't have a bad temper, it's how you use it

Front 76

Lifestyle (general Adlerian concept)

Back 76

-an individual's core beliefs and assumptions through which reality is organized
-the primary way life is given meaning and security
-plan for life, strategy for living
-cognitive map that gives "little me" a plan for dealing with the "big world"
-a statement of the conditions of life
-in striving toward our goals we develop a unique style of life
-"We can begin wherever we choose: every expression will lead us in the same direction-toward the one motive, the one melody, around which the personality is built" (Adler)
*lifestyle is largely non-conscious

Front 77

Four Groups of LIfestyles

Back 77

1) Self-concept: the convictions I have about who I am
2) Self-ideal: the convictions I have about what I should be or feel obligated to be
3) Weltbild: "picture of the world" -> the convictions I have about the rest of the world and what it demands of me
4) Ethical Convictions: a personal code of right and wrong

Front 78

Inferiority

Back 78

-essential component of human psych
-discrepancy between self-concept and self-ideal
-lack of congruence between self-concept and those in the world
-descrepancies between self-concept and ethical convictions
-"Inferiority Complex": to adopt inferiority as a lifestyle; open demonstration of inadequacy

Front 79

Goal of Superiority (Adler)

Back 79

allows us to overcome obstacles; not desire to be superior to others, but moving from a lower to a higher place

Front 80

Adler Life Tasks

Back 80

1) Society: general friendships, social support, relationships
2) Work: contributing to society via skills & attributes; work directly gives back
3) Sex: intimate sexual relations, having romantic partner, relating with opposite sex, negotiating sexual identity, awareness of sex roles

Front 81

Basic Mistakes (Adler)

Back 81

myths that we confuse with truth that tend to interfere with living life fully - errors in thinking
1) Overgeneralizations - "All people are hostile"
2) Impossible goals of security - "I have to please everyone all the time"
3) Misperceptions of Life - "Bad things always happen to me"
4) Minimization/Denial of One's Worth - "I don't deserve it"
5) Faulty values - "Be first even if you have to hurt people"

Front 82

Four Phases of Psychotherapy

Back 82

1) The Relationship
2) Uncovering and Exploring the Client's Dynamics
3) Encouraging Insight
4) Reorientation

Front 83

The Relationship (Phase 1)

Back 83

-Friendly and collaborative among equals
-a sense of involvement and caring
-clearly defined goals between client & therapist
-attention given to strengths as well as weaknesses
-clients will engage therapist in life-style patterns; therapist will behave in ways related to client's self
-"Scripts"- patterned ways of being; therapist has to be aware to not fall into pattern (refuse to play tug-o-war game)

Front 84

Uncovering and Exploring the Client's Dynamics (Phase 2)

Back 84

-understanding the life-style and impact on client's patterns
-"Life-style Investigator": client is telling story
-Exploration of the family constellation
-Early Recollections: provide earliest memories, one time occurrences captured in vivid detail; memories include clues to life-styles; helps to assess personal beliefs, stance on therapy, coping patterns, and strengths
-"Basic Mistakes"
-Assets: also explore client's subjective sense of their strengths and capabilities

Front 85

Encouraging Insight (Phase 3)

Back 85

-Insight: an understanding of motivations in a client's life
-basic change cannot occur without insight
-insight is a means to an end, not an end in and of itself
-the foundation for change
-presented as hunches: "it seems to me that..."

Front 86

Reorientation (Phase 4)

Back 86

-longest phase of therapy
-persuading client that change is in his/her best interest
-present way of living offers "safety" but not fulfillment or happiness
-courage to take risks, putting insights into practice
-reorientation toward the "useful side of life": confidence, acceptance, etc
-Encouragement: helping clients recogn. positive qualities
-challenge defeating patterns
-self-observation
-implementing new ways of thinking, behaving, feeling

Front 87

Acting "As If"

Back 87

fake it 'til you make it; if you wish to be confident, act as if you are confident, outside change can change inside

Front 88

The Push-Button Technique

Back 88

helping client to see that we select what we pay attention to; notice feeling that goes with positive memory, notice feeling that goes with negative memory

Front 89

Self-Actualization (Rogers)

Back 89

the inherent tendency of the organism to develop all it's capacities in ways which serve to maintain or serve the organism

Front 90

Rogers' theory of psychopathology

Back 90

-the more conditional the love of the parents, the more pathology is likely to develo
-to preserve a positive self-concept a child may distort experience (parts of self are "bad")
-these types of experiences sow the seeds for confusion about self, self-doubt, and disapproval of the self
-internalization of parents' conditions of worth
-personality becomes divided
-for the sake of maintaining the positive regard of others, we forsake ourselves

Front 91

Core of Psychological Maladjustment

Back 91

the incongruence between a person's total experience and what is symbolized as part of the self-concept
i.e. "I feel angry, but I am not a person who gets angry"

Front 92

Actualizing Tendency

Back 92

positive potential of human motivation; intrinsic, all constantly attempting to move in this direction

Front 93

Organismic Valuing Process

Back 93

internal capacity that allows us to positively value that which enhances our lives and negatively values that which negates our growth
-occurs from birth and we can trust this valuing process

Front 94

Conditions of Worth

Back 94

living in accordance with the internalized values of others; can't feel worthy unless we are living this way

Front 95

Goals of Client-Centered Theory

Back 95

-a greater degree of independence and integration
-not merely to solve problems
-to assist clients in their growth process
-increase capacity to cope with current and future problems
-provide a climate conducive to helping person become more fully functioning
-realization of new possibilities
-constructive changes in personality organization
-more self-acceptance, directness in relating
-movement toward an internal locus of evaluation

Front 96

3 Core Conditions of Client-Centered Therapy

Back 96

1) Congruence: transparency and relaxed openness, inner and outer experiences match for therapist
2) Unconditional Positive Regard: deep and genuine caring for the client as a person; accepting; lapses in this are considered limitations of therapist
3) Empathic Understanding: subjectively feels client's experience/emotions; reflecting the experience of the client; a depth that is beyond a mere intellectual comprehension of what clients are saying