Theories Of Personality Development

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Freud's Theory of Psychosexaul Development (5)

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1. Oral stage (birth-1) 2. Anal stage (1-3) 3. Phalic Stage (3-6) 4. Latency Stage (6-12) 5. Genital stage (12+)

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Behavioral Inhibition

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Behavior involving withdrawal, avoidance, fear of the unfamiliar, and over-arousal of the sympathetic nervous system. Age 21 months

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Temperment

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Refers to a person's basic disposition, which influences how he or she respons to situations. Affected by heredity, apparent at birth and predictive to later personality

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9 Basic temperament qualities (Thomas and Chess, 1977)

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Activity level, rhythmicity, approach/withdrawal, adaptability, threshold of responsiveness, intensity of reaction, quality of mood, distractibility, and persistence

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Thomas and Chess (1977) categorized babies in three different categories based on their nine temperment qualities (3)

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Easy children-even temp, regular sleep, adapt, positive
Difficult children- irritable, withdraww, unpredicitable
Slow to warm up- inactive, negative, take time to adjust

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Fixation in Freud's psychosexual Oral Stage

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Fixation results in dependence, passivity, gullibilitiy, sarcasm, and orally focussed (smoking, nail-bitting, etc.)

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Fixation in Freud's psychosexual Anal Stage

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Fixation produces anal retentiveness (stinginess, selfishness, obsessive-compulsive behavior) or anal expulsiveness (cruelty, destructiveness, messiness)

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Fixation in Freud's psychosexual Phallic Stage

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Fixation can produce a phallic character, which involves sexual exploitation of others

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Freud's psychosexual Latency Stage

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Libidinal energy is diffuse rather than focused on any one area of the body, and is emphasis is on developing social skills rather than achieving sexual gratification.

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Freud's psychosexual Genital Stage

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Libido is again centered in the genitals, and a successful outcome occurs when sexual desire is blended with affection to produce mature sexual relationships

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Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development (8):

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Trust v Mistrust - Autonomy v Same - Initiavtive v Guilt - Industry v inferiority - Identity v Confussion - Intimacy v isolation - generativity v stagnation - integrity v dispair

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How does Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development differ from Freuds Psychosexual development theory?

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Erikson focuses on social versus, places greater emphasis on the ego than on the id, assumes people are basically rational, and development life process.

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Erikson's theory of psychosocial development infancy stage:

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Basic Trust vs. Basic Mistrust: A positive relationship with primary cargiver during infancy results in a sense of trust and optimism

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Erikson's theory of psychosocial development toddlerhood stage:

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Autonomy vs. Shame and Guilt: A sense of self (autonomy) develops out of positive interactions with parents or caregivers.

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Erikson's theory of psychosocial development school age stage:

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Industry vs. Inferiority: The most important influences at this stage are people in the neighboorhood and school. to avoid inferiority, must master social and academic skills.

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Erikson's theory of psychosocial development adolescence stage:

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Identity vs. Role confusion: peers are the dominant social influence. A positive outcome is reflected in a sense of personal identity and a direction for the future.

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Erikson's theory of psychosocial development young adult stage:

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Intimacy vs. Isolation: The main task is the establishment of intimate bonds of love and friendship. If such bonds are not achieved, self absorption and isolation results

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Erikson's theory of psychosocial development middle adulthood stage:

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Generativity vs. Stagnation: The people one lives and wors with are most important. A generative person exhibits commitment to the well-being of future generations

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Erikson's theory of psychosocial development maturation/old age stage:

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Ego Integrity vs. Dispair: Final stage, social influence boradens to include all.Development of wisdom and integrity require terms with limitations and mortality.

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Levinson's "Seasons of a Man's Life" 4 Stages:

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Infancy through adolsecence - early adulthood - middle adulthood - late adulthood. Transitions to next stage stressful, major changes in a person's life

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Levinson's "Seasons of a Man's Life" Early Adult Transition:

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Ages 17-22: Leaving the world of childhood. Becoming independent, involved in college, military, job. Transition leads to the fomration of The Dream

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Levinson's "Seasons of a Man's Life" Age 30 Transition:

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Brought by the realization that the life structure built during the 20's is not adequate. Sense of urgency develops, pressure to ender adult world and settle down.

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Levinson's "Seasons of a Man's Life" Mid-life Transition:

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Significant stress and reorganization. Deflation of The Dream as one realizes tha tone's goals are not really satisfying or will not be accomplished. Midlife crisis.

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Difference between Authoritarian and Authoritative parent style (Baumrind and colleagues, 1991):

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Authoritarian- demandingness and low responsivity
Authoritative- combine rational control with responsivity

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Difference between Permissive (indulgent and Rejecting-neglecting parent style (Baumrind and Colleagues):

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Permissive: warm, caring, make few demands, nonpunitive
Rejecting-neglecting: low levels of responsitivy and demandingness, overtly hostile

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A child that has low self-esteem, poor self-control, impulsive, moody, and aggressive tend to have parents with which type of parenting style?

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Rejecting-neglecting parenting style

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Gender Role Identity:

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Refers to a person's sense of being male or female. Well established by age 3.

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According to Freud's psychodynamic theory, the development of gender-role identity depends on success of the psychosexual crisis of which stage?

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Phallic stage of development, which results in identification with the same-sex parent

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What is the difference between Kohlberg's gender identity, gender stability, and gender constancy

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Identity- age 2-3 recognize they are either male or female
Stability- Soon after 3 Gender is stable over time. boy-man
Constancy- (age 6-7) People cant change gender

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Erikson's Adolescent "Identity crisis" (4)

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Identity Diffusion, Identity Forclosure, Identity Moratorium, Identity Achievement

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Giligan's Relational Crisis:

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Girls (age 11-12) experience crisis in respons to increasing pressure to fit cultural stereotypes about the "perfect good woman"

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Kubler-Ross five stages of grief:

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Denial and isolation, anger, barganining, depression, acceptance

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Harlow's contact comfort attachment:

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The pleasant tactile sensation that is provided by a soft, cuddly parent. (wire-mesh or terrycloth mother)

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Bowlby's internal working model

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A mental representation of self and others that influences the child's future relationships

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Signs of attachment

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Social referencing
Separation Anxiety
Stranger Anxiety

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Ainsworth Strange Situation: Patterns of attachment

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Secure attachment, Insecure/Ambvialent attachment, Insecure/Avoidant attachment, Disorganized/Disoriented attachment

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Difference between instrumental aggression and hostile aggression

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Instrumental-used to achieve an object
Hostile- used to harm another person

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Moral development:

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The ability to distinguish right from wrong and to then act accordance with that distinction

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Piaget's Theory of Moral Development 3 stages:

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Premoral-(6 -) Exhibit liggle concern for rules
Heteronomous- (age 7-10) Rule by authority figures
Autonomous- (age 11) view rules as arbitrary

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Kohlberg's three levels

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Prevonventional Morality, Conventional Morality, Postconventional Morality

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Prevonventional Morality:

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1. Punishment and Obedience Orientation:The goodness or badness depends on consequences. Instrumental
2. Hedonism: Consequences and reward, personal need

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Conventional Morality

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1. Good boy/good girl orientation: Approved by others
2. Law and order orientation: rules and established laws

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Postconventional morality:

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1. Morality of contract, indivdiual rights, and democratically accepted laws: morally right
2. Individual principles of conscience: Ethical prinicples

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Gottman and Levenson's The emotionally volatile attack-defend pattern

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is predicitve or earlier divorce and is characterized by escalating negativity. How anger is dealt with by criticism, defensiveness, contempt and stonewalling

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Gottman and Levenson's The Emotionally Inexpressive pattern

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is predictive of later divorce and is characterized by suppression of both positive and negative affect. Avoid conflict and self-disclosure