Theories Of Personality

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personality

Back 1

the unique and relativeely stable ways in which people think, fell, and behave.

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character

Back 2

value judgements of a person's moral and ethical behavior.

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temperament

Back 3

the enduring characteristics with which each perosn is born.

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preconscious mind

Back 4

level of the mind in which information is avalible but not currently conscious.

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conscious mind

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level of the mind that is aware of innediate surroundings and perceptons.

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unconscious mind

Back 6

level fo the mind in which thoughts, fellings , ememories, and other information are kept that are not easily or voluntarily brought into consciousness.

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id

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part of the personality present at birth and completely unconscious.

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libido

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the instinctual energy that may come into conflict with the demands of a society's standards for behavior.

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pleasure principle

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principle by which the id functions; the innediates satisfaction of needs without regard for the consequences.

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ego

Back 10

part of th epersonality that develops out of a need to deal with reality mostly conscious, rational, and logical.

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reality principle

Back 11

principle by which the ego functions; the satisfaction of the demands of the id only when negative consequences will not result.

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superego

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part of the personality that acts as a moral center

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ego ideal

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part of the superego that contains the standards for moral behavior.

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conscience

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part of the superego that produces pride or guilt, depending on how well behavior matches or deoes not match the ego ideal.

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fixation

Back 15

disorder in which the person does not fully resolve the conflict in a particular psychosexual stage, resultion in personality traits and behavior associated with that ealier stage.

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psychosexual stages

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five stages of personality developedment proposed by Freud and tie to the sexual development of the child.

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oral stave

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first stage occurring in the first year of life in which the mouth is the erogenous zone and weaning is the primary conflict.

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anal stage

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second stage occurring from about 1 to 3 years of age, in which the anus is the erogenous zone and toilet training is the source of conflict.

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anal expulsive personality

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a person fixated in the anal stage who is messy, distructive, and hostile.

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anan reentive personality

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a person fixated in the anal stage who is neat, fussy, stingy, and stubborn.

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phalliic stage

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third stage occurring from aobut 3-6 discovers sexual fellings.

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oedipus complex

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situation occurring in the phallic stage in which a child develops a sexual attration to the opposite-sex parent and jealousy of the same-sex parent.

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identification

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defense mechanism in which a person tries to besome like someone else to deal with anxiety

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latency

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4th stage occurring during the school years, in which the sexual feelings of the child are repressed while the child develops in other ways.

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psychoanalysis

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Freud's term for both the theory of personality and the therapy based on ti.

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neo-Freudians

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followers of Fred who developed their own competing theories of psychoanalysis.

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personal unconscious

Back 27

Jung's name for the unconscious mind and descibed by Freud.

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collective unconscious

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Jung's name for the memories shared by all members of the human species.

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archetypes

Back 29

Jug's collective, universal human memories.

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basic anxiety

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anxiety created when a child is born into the bigger and more powerful world of older children and adults.

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neurotic personalities

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maladaptive ways fo dealing with relationships in Horney's theory.

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habits

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in behaviorism, sets of well-learned responses that have become automatic.

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social congnitive learning threorists

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theorists who emphasize the inportance of both the influences of other people's behavior and of a person's own expectancies on learning.

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social congnitive view

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learning theory that includes congitive processes such as anticipating, judging,memory, and imitation of models.

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reciprocal determinism

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Bandura's explanation of how the factors of environment, personal characteristics, and behavior can interact to determine future behavior.

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self-efficacy

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indidvidua's perception of how effective a behavior will be in any particular circumstance.

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humanistic perspective

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the "3rd force" in psychology that focuses on those aspects of personality that make people uniquely human, such as subjective feelings and freedom of choice.

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self-actualizing tendency

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the striving to fulfill one's innate capacities and capabilities

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self-concept

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the image of oneself that develops from interactions with important, significant people in one's life.

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self

Back 40

archetype that works with the ego to manage other archetypes and balance the personality.

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real self

Back 41

one's perception of actural characteristics, traits, and abilities.

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ideal self

Back 42

one's perception of whom one should be or would like to be.

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positive regard

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warmth, affection, love, and respect thta come from signigicant others in one's life.

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unconditional positive regard

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positive regard that is given without conditions or strings attached.

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conditional positive regard

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positive regard that is given only when the person is doing what the providers of positive regard wish.

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fully funcioning person

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a person who id in touch with and trusting of the deepest, innermost urges and feelings.

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trait theories

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theories that endeavor to descrive that characteristics that make up human personality in an effort to predict future behavior.

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trait

Back 48

a consistent, enduring way of thinking, feeling, or behaving.

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surface traits

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aspectis of peronslity that can easily be seen by other people in the outward actions of a person

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source traits

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the more basic traits that underlie the surface traits, forming the core of personality.

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introversion

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dimension of personality in which people tend to withdrwa from excessive stimulation.

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five-factor model (big five)

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model of personality traits that descrives fice basic traits that descrives five basic trait dimensions.

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openness

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one of the 5 factors; willingness to try new things and be open to new experiences.

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conscientiousness

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the care a person gives to organization and throughtfulness of others; dependability.

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extraverts

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people who are outgoing and sociable.

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extraversion

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demension of personality refering to one's need to be with other people.

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introverts

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people who prefer solitude and disliek being the center of attention.

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agreeableness

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the emotional style of a person that may range from easy going, friendly and lideable to grumpy, craby, and unpleasant.

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neuroticism

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degree of emotional instability or stability.

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trait-situation interaction

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the assumption that the particular circumstances of any given situation will influence the way in which a trate is expressed.

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behavioral genetics

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field of study devoted to discovering the genetic bases for personality charateristics.

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interview

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method of personality assessment in which the professional asks questions of the client and allows the client to answer, either in a structured ro unstructured fashion.

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halo effect

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tendency of an interviewer to allow positive characteristics of a client to influence the assessments of the client's behavior and statements.

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projection

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defense mechanism involving placeing, or "projection," one's own unacceptable thoughts onto others, as if the thoughts actually belonged to those others and not to oneself.

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projective tests

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personality assessments that present ambiguous visual stimuli to the client and ask the client to respond with whatever comes to mind.

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Rorchach inkblot test

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projective test that uses 10 inkblots as the ambiguous stimuli.

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thematic apperception test (TAT)

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projective test that uses 20 pictures of people in ambiguous situations as the visual stimuli.

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subjective

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referring to concepts and imperssions that are only valid within a particular person's perception and may be influenced by biases, prejudice, and personal experiences.

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direct observation

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assessment in which the professional oberves the client engaged in ordinary, day-to-day behavior in either a clinical or natural setting.

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rating scale

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assessment in which the frequency of a particular behacior is counted.

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personality inventory

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paper and pencil or computerized test that consists of statements that require a specific, standardized response from the person taking the test.