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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Forgetting
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a failure to access previously stored information
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Retrieval failure theory
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forgetting occurs because of a failure to use the right correct or appropriate cues at a cretin time
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Retrieval cues
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a stimulus or a cue that assists in the recovery of information stored in the memory
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Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon (TOT)
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The experience of being aware of knowing something but not being able to retrieve it at a moment despite feeling that you know the answer
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Interference theory
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forgetting in long term memory arising because old or new information produces confusion or competition and as a consequence blocks effective retrial
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Proactive interference
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the interference of previously stored (old) memories on the retrial of new information
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Retroactive interference
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new information interferes with the ability to remember old information
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Motivated theory of forgetting
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theory that there is a strong desire to forget cretin things because the memory is either too traumatic, disturbing , anxiety provoking or upsetting
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Repression
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Keeping distressing (or unpleasant) thoughts buried in the unconscious and from entering one's conscious
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Suppression
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a deliberate effort to keep distressing thoughts out f conscious awareness
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Decay theory
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theory that forgetting occurs because the memory trace (initially formed at learning) tends to gradually fade, or decay, over time
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Nonsense syllables
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typically, three-letter arrangements of consonant-vowel-consonant, that are not actual words, such as XOF
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Forgetting curve
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a curve showing the relationship between how much information is lost from memory over time
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Recall
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reproducing information without the aid of any cues
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Free recall
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recalling as much as you can without the assistance of any cues and in any order
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Serial recall
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recalling information in the same order in which it was presented
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Cued recall
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being provided with some cues to assist in the recall process
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Recognition
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a measure of retention requiring identification of the correct alternative from an array of options
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Sensitivity
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the amount of effort required to access a memory, with the most sensitive measure of retention being the most likely to detect information that has been stored in memory in the past
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Relearning
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requires a participant to memories information on another occasion having learnt it previously
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Saving score
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how much time (or effort) has been saved from previous attempts when relearning information
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Context dependent cues
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environmental (or external) cures from the specific setting where learning has occurred which can act as subsequent retrieval cues
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Sate dependent cues
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internal cues where you are in the same physiological (or emotional) state or setting as when you originally learnt (encoded) the material
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Mnemonic
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techniques to enhance or improve memory
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Acronym
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pronounceable words (or abbreviations) created from the first letters of a group or words that act as letters cues aiding in recall r more complex information
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Acrostics
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phrases or poems where the first letter of each word functions as a cue to help memory. e.g. every good boy deserves fruit (EGBDF, the order of notes on a instrument)
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Narrative changing
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remembering groups of concepts or items by creating a story involving these items or concepts
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Peg-Word method
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an association of new information with familiar or old information , which is used to access information at a later time
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Method of loci
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mnemonic device where a person associates items to be remembered with particular landmarks on a well known path
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Eyewitness testimony
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recollection of witnesses present when a crime was perpetrated, relating what was done and by whom
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