Theories Of Development - Mahler, Freud, Erikson

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Freud Stage of Psychosexual Development

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Oral Stage (Birth-18mths)
Anal Stage (18mths-3yrs)
Phallic Stage (3-6yrs)
Latency Stage (6yrs-puberty)
Genital Stage (puberty on)

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Oral Stage

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Focus on oral pleasures. Excess or deficient gratification can result in oral fixation or oral personality (stronger tendency to smoke, drink, eat, bite nails and may become overly dependent on others) Dominant fear - loss of object

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Anal Stage

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18mths to 3 yrs Pleasure from eliminating and retaining feces but pressure to regulate. Excess or deficient gratification can result in anal retentive (obsessed with cleanliness, perfection & control) or anal expulsive (messy & disorganized) personality. Dominant fear - loss of object's love.

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Phallic Stage

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3 to 6 yr. Pleasure focused on genitals with unconscious sexual desires for opposite sex parent and fear of punishment (castration) by the same parent. Know as Oedipal & Electra Complexes. Castration fear could also result from projection of aggressive impulse onto parent. Child wants to disempower same sex parent and in turn feels disempowered/pushed by parent. Fixation here could result in sexual deviances (avoidance &/or overindulgence) or a weak/confused sexual identity. Dominant fear - loss of body part

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Latency Stage

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6yrs - puberty. Sexual urges remain repressed. Children interact mostly with same sex peers.

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Erik Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development

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based in psychologies of identity and self. Identity formation is a dialect between environment and the child's psyche. For Erikson, the mother is a representative of and vehicle for a cultural approach to living that organizes and ranks safety and danger, pleasure and restraint, gratification and frustration. For example, Klein's P-S is organized around around the same trust/mistrust as Erikson with good/bad breast. But Klein good and band derive from infant's instinctual conflicts between libido and aggression while for Erikson trust and mistrust are experience derived from the chil's interactions, successful and unsuccessful with caregivers. This aspect is more similar to Winnicott and the quality of the holding environment. Similarly Sullivan saw points of anxiety in the mother as the origin of the child's early splitting of good and bad. Erikson also developed concept of epigenesis.

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Epigenesis

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Derived from biology. Erikson suggested that the ego develops by an organic process of different capacities and qualities unfolding through this series of crises, leading to the eventual psychosocial integration of the individual in the world. View these crises more as dialectical tensions than battles. Even though one or another crisis is in the forefront at any particular time, all these tensions are active throughout the life cycle. Each stage is reworked anew by the struggle with subsequent ego qualities. He viewed ego development across the life cycle less in terms of a stepladder and more in terms of a complex set of vital tensions, progressively unfolding and in constant resonance with each other.

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Erikson vs. Freud

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For Freud, social reality is the realm in which the drives are gratified or frustrated; For Erikson, social reality is a realm that shapes the drives in a culturally distinct fashion.

Each ego stage corresponds to, and is in a dialectical relationship with, a libidinal phase of drive maturation.

Conflict between basic trust and mistrust closely coincides the oral phase. The libidinal pleasures of nursing and playing at the breast in some sense precipitate a crisis of attitude toward the outside world.

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Erikson's Stages & Freud Matches

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Basic Trust vs. Mistrust - Oral (birth to 18mths)

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt - Anal 18-3yrs

Initiative vs. Guilt - Phallic 3-6yrs

Identity vs Role - Adolescent, Latency

Intimacy vs Isolation - Genital Stage, Young Adulthood

Generativity vs Stagnation - Middle Age Adult

Integrity vs Dispair - Older Adult

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Trust vs Mistrust

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Birth - 18mths - Needs maximum comfort with minimal uncertainty to trust himself/herself, others and the environment

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Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

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Toddler - Works to master physical environment while maintaining self-esteem

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Initiative vs Guilt

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Preschooler - begins to initiate, not imitate, activities; develops conscience and sexual identity.

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Industry vs Inferiority

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School Age Child - Tries to develop a sense of self-worth by refining skills

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Identity vs. Role Confusion

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Adolescent - Tries integrating many roles (child, sibling, student, athlete, worker) into self-image under role model and peer pressure

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Superego Condemnation

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Guilt from the superego

Superego (established at resolution of Oedipal phase) anxiety: fear of self-punishment for transgressions of internalized moral code or for failing to live up to one's ideals.