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149 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Michael White
David Epston Steve Madigan |
Narrative therapy
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There is no truth, only different interpretations of reality
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Narrative therapy
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Culture is a people's collection of stories
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Narrative therapy
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Narrative therapy process
described assessment |
Assessment ( how did the problem get the upper hand, name the problem)
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Narrative therapy process
Described goal setting |
Creating new stories
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Narrative therapy process
What is Externalization |
Separating the person from the problem.
The person is never the problem. The problem is the problem-a problem story. |
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The person is never the problem. The problem is the problem.
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Narrative therapy
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Landscape of consciousness
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Narrative therapy
Who are you that you were able to do that? |
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Landscape of action
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Narrative therapy
How did you stand up to the problem? |
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Ivan Pavlov
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Classical (Respondent) Conditioning
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External view of human influence
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Behavioral therapy
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Learning through association
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Classical conditioning
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External view of human influence
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Behavioral therapy
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Pavlov Dog
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UCS (food powder)--->
UCR (salivation) NS (bell) CS (bell)---> CR (salivation) |
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Learning through association
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Classical conditioning
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Classical Conditioning
UCS UCR NS CS CR |
Unconditioned stimuli
Unconditioned Response Neutral Stimuli Controlled Stimuli Controlled Response |
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Pavlov Dog
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UCS (food powder)--->
UCR (salivation) NS (bell) CS (bell)---> CR (salivation) |
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John B. Watson
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Classical conditioning
Little Albert |
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Classical Conditioning
UCS UCR NS CS CR |
Unconditioned stimuli
Unconditioned Response Neutral Stimuli Controlled Stimuli Controlled Response |
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John B. Watson
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Classical conditioning
Little Albert |
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BF Skinner's theory
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He believed that humans are externally controlled, and that freedom, is an internal psychological phenomenon, and is the result of external conditioning
Operant Conditioning |
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Skinner's formula for human behavior
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Stimulus----> Response
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Skinner hypothesized
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Stimulus---> Response--->
Reinforcing Stimuli |
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Operant conditioning
Positive Reinforcement |
Is the process by which the likelihood of a response increases upon the presentation of the stimuli
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Operant conditioning
Negative Reinforcement |
Is the process by which the likelihood of the response increases upon the removal of the stimuli. (Getting a way from a negative behavior)
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Operant conditioning
Punishment |
The process by which the likelihood of response decreases upon the presentation of the stimuli
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Operant conditioning
Extinction |
The process by which the likelihood of response decreases upon the removal of the stimulus (giving money for good grades then stopping in the grades go down)
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Operant conditioning
Schedules for Reinforcement |
Continuous
Intermittent -ratio (responses) -interval (time) Both include fixed and variable |
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Operant conditioning
Primary Goal |
Change target behaviors
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Object of counseling is to identify clear, observable behaviors that can be described in operational terms
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Operant conditioning
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Therapy involves defining maladaptive or distressful behaviors and then establishing procedures ameliorate them
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Operant conditioning
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Assessment can include interviews, reports and ratings, and observations (F.-I.-D.) frequency, intensity, duration
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Operant conditioning
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Behavioral therapy
Methods and Techniques |
Relaxation training
Systematic Desensitization Modeling Assertion Training Token economy (oc) exposure/flooding pattern intervention |
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Albert Ellis
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Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy
experienced multiple illnesses as a child |
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Theory is based on the idea that people are born with the potential to think rationally or irrationally
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Rational emotive behavioral therapy
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Believes that the nature of maladjustment was when a person exhibits (magical, empirically invalidated thinking)
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Rational emotive behavioral therapy
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The therapist role is to track and challenge the client to rational thinking and the resulting emotional malfunctioning
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Rational emotive behavioral therapy
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ABC theory
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A--> activating event
B--> I or R belief C--> consequence emotion D--> dispute E--> effective new philosophy |
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It is not the events themselves that leads to distress but people's beliefs about them
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Rational emotive behavioral therapy
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Believe that 80% of personality was determined by heredity, people can learn to change their thinking
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Rational emotive behavioral thinking
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Any form of a rational thinking can lead to any anxiety, oppression, ECT
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Rational emotive behavioral therapy
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The counselors and educator, particularly early on in therapy. The therapist must bring focus and direction to therapy
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Rational emotive behavioral therapy
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Therapy is action oriented with the therapist and active participant in facilitating change
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Rational emotive behavioral therapy
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Therapy involves helping clients to change their "crooked thinking" and think more rationally
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Rational emotive behavioral therapy
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With identifying three forms of belief.
I must be liked by all people. You must give me exactly what I want. You other people must treat me... |
Rational emotive behavioral therapy
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Focuses on the "should" and "Musts" that are the foundation of irrational thinking
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Rational emotive behavior therapy
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Through effective disputation people can begin to think more rationally and develop an effective new philosophy (E)
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Rational emotive behavior therapy
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Rational emotive behavior therapy
methods and techniques |
Positive visualization
Reframing Thoughts Stopping Semantics Problem Solving Cognitive Distraction Techniques emotive techniques behavioral techniques |
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Rational emotive behavioral therapy
criticisms |
Majestic
Formulaic Requires a certain of cognitive ability Toodirective Less focus on core relational factors |
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Cognitive therapy
Prominent Figures |
Aaron Beck
Albert Ellis (REBT) George Kelly Judith Beck |
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Based on the idea that the way people feel and behave is based on how they perceive and structure their experience
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Cognitive therapy
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Insight oriented and emphasizes on changing people's negative thoughts and maladaptive beliefs
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Cognitive therapy
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Rooted in the idea that people have different systematic biases that are connected with difference DSM diagnoses
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Cognitive therapy
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Foster's chained by treating people's beliefs as testable hypotheses to be examined through jointly agreed upon behavioral experiences
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Cognitive therapy
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Is not based simply on substituting positive thoughts for negative ones; it is based on reality, not wishful thinking
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Cognitive therapy
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Collaborative and based on core relationship variables such as empathy and genuineness
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Cognitive therapy
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Present to future oriented with the past playing a role in determining how clients have formed schemas and ways of understanding and perceiving the world
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Cognitive therapy
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Past only looks at schemas
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Cognitive therapy
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Primary goal is to identify and change "faulty" beliefs and patterns of thought which are representations of maladaptive schemas
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Cognitive therapy
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It is not enough to change one's "self talk" the underlying patterns of that inform the person's thoughts have to be addressed
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Cognitive therapy
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Assessment involves identifying emotions, behaviors, and psychological responses are pathways and thinking
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Cognitive therapy
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Systematic biases
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One series of systematic/maladaptive thoughts
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Collaborative empiricism
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Cognitive therapy is based on working together
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Socratic dialogue and guided discovery
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Who, what, when, why, how
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Cognitive developmental models
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Early childhood experience-->
Development of basic beliefs--> Critical Incidents--> Activation of basic beliefs--> Automatic Thoughts--> lead to emotions, behaviors, and psychological responses |
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Cognitive therapy process will
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Demystify
Collaborative Environment Established Goals Identify and Examine Beliefs Challenged Distortions Changing Patterns of Thinking Teach Coping Skills |
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Cognitive therapy
Cognitive Distortions |
Selective abstraction
Overgeneralization labeling |
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Cognitive therapy
Cognitive Methods |
Challenging absolutes
Reattribution (what is working) Decatastrophizing |
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Cognitive therapy
Criticisms |
Can be too intellectual
Formulaic There Many Versions research or alliance of fact |
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Reality therapy
Prominent Figures |
William Glasser
Roberts Wubbolding |
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Based on control theory: individuals choose how to respond to their outside perceptions
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Reality therapy
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Control theory views the human brain as a system that seeks to manipulate the external world through for fill five innate drives
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Physical survival
Belonging Power Fun Freedom |
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To meet the five drives people refer to their own mental picture albums that represented their "wants"
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The picture album represents homeostasis
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When wants exceed needs people's choices can be affected and conflicts (symptoms) can arise
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Reality therapy
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Symptoms are seen as choices
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Reality therapy
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Hallucinations, delusions, eating disorders, etc. are creative choices that are attempts to control the external environment
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Reality therapy
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Reality therapists see people who are symptomatic as progressing through the following stages
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Giving up
Choosing negative symptoms Negative Addictions |
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Reality therapy changes based on moving through the following stages
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Giving of (I want to change, and I want to grow)
Positive Symptoms (feel worse when stopping-void) Positive Addictions |
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Behavior is seen as purposeful and as a way of fulfilling human needs and is based on choice
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Reality therapy
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Goal
to help individuals meet their psychological needs for belonging, power, freedom, and fun in a responsible and satisfying way |
Reality therapy
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Assessment is ongoing and involves looking at "total behavior"
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Reality therapy
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What is total behavior
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Doing
Thinking Feeling Physiology |
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Assessment follows the WDEP model
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Reality therapy
W-ask clients what they want D-what are they doing E-evaluate perceptions/actions P plan to fulfill needs |
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Reality therapy
. SAMIC |
Simple
Attainable Measurable Immediate Committed to |
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Ask clients what they want, not their problem
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Reality therapy
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It is important that the therapist helped the clients with establishing and committing to a plan and not accept excuses
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Reality therapy
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Reality therapy
. Methods and techniques |
Questioning
Being Positive And Using Encouragement Humor Confrontation Paradox |
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Reality therapy
criticisms |
Can be too intellectual
Simplistic view of humans Disagreement about symptoms as choices |
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Second wave
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Shift from pathology-to problem-focused
Shift from individuals to relationships Cybernetics (communication theory) Systems Theory (study of relationships) focuses on process and interactions |
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Process verse content
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Family systems theory
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Shift from pathology-to problem focused
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Second wave
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Shift from individuals to relationships
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Second wave
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Communication theory and cybernetics
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Second wave
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Focuses on processes and interactions
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Second wave
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Focus is on "how" (processes) not "why" (content)
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Family systems theory
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Focuses on changing current behavior and interactions
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Family systems theory
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Symptoms are metaphors for dysfunctional patterns of interaction
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Family systems theory
(Strategic) |
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Couples engage in " vicious cycles" and positive feedback loops
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Family systems therapy
(MRI/Strategic) |
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Subsystems, hierarchies, roles, boundaries
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Family systems therapy
(Structural) |
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Immersive, disengagement, collation, lifecycles
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Family systems therapy
(Structural) |
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Goal
identify and change current patterns of interaction that sustain problems |
Family systems theory
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Change hierarchy, rules, roles, and boundaries as necessary
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Family systems theory
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Second order change
(Process, not content) |
Family systems theory
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Family systems theory
Methods and Techniques |
Therapist inspired
Client inspired Direct (front door) Indirect (backdoor) Reframing Caution about dangers of improvement Prescribed the Symptom (Paradox) |
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Family systems theory
Criticisms |
Too much emphasis on relationships and not enough on the individuals within the family
Therapist use of power Therapist is considered the expert Overly Directive Manipulative |
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Third wave
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The Feminist Critique
Competency-Based Constructivism And Social Constructivism Primary Approaches |
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Challenged common assumptions that were mainstays of "traditional" theories
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Feminist critique
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Rooted in a biological view-knowledge takes place in the biology of cognition
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Constructivism
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Closed system view
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Constructivism
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No waiting know if reality exists
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Constructivism
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Cannot know if that world exists-we only know our own interpretations of our biological experiences-we create reality
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Constructivism
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The only thing a therapist can do is perturb the system
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Constructivism
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Rooted in an interactional view-knowledge exists in the interactions that occur between individuals-problems occur between people.
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Social constructivism
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Human observer is included in the description of phenomena
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Social constructivism
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Context is important
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Social constructivism
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Reality is a social invention-there is no one "truth" we create reality
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Social constructivism
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Multiple beliefs/realities can be equally valid (e.g., different cultures, historical times, life experiences)
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Social constructivism
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History is the key to unfolding the family's narrative that gives contemporary events are meeting
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Social constructivism
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Explore existing patterns and identify new options for opening up new interactions
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Social constructivism
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Therapist is a co-constructor /facilitator of the therapeutic process. Therapist and client create therapeutic process
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Social constructivism
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How do you know, a feeling without a root
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Social constructivism
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Primary Approaches
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Solution Focused Therapy
Solution Oriented Therapy Narrative Therapy Collaborative Language Systems Reflecting Teams |
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Solution Focused Therapy
. Prominent figure |
De Shazer
Berg |
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Solution Oriented Therapy
Prominent Figure |
O'Hanlon
Weiner-Davis |
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Narrative therapy
. Prominent figures |
White
Eptson |
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Collaborative Language Systems
prominent figures |
Anderson
Goolishian |
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Reflecting Teams
prominent figure |
Anderson
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Emerged in response to changes in funding climate
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Solution-based therapies
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The third wave was in response to pathology laden and problem-focused approaches of the first two waves
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Solution-based therapies
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Emphasis on health, well-being, and competency
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Solution-based therapies
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Major variations of solution-based therapy
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Solution-focused (MRI) mental research Institute
Solution-Oriented (Ericsson) |
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Change is constant and inevitable
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Solution based therapy
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It's not necessary to know the cause of a problem to resolve it
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Solution-based therapy
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Solutions do not necessarily have anything to do with the problem
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Solution-based therapy
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There is not such things as a pathology; human behavior varies on a continuum with some socially defined norms
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Solution-based therapy
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Small changes can lead to bigger changes. (Get the ball rolling)
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Solution-based therapies
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Focus in on the present and future
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Solution-based therapy
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Focuses on when times went well
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Solution-based therapy
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People have inherent strengths and potential resources to help themselves
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Solution-based therapy
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Every human being is unique; every relationship is unique; no two situations are like
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Solution-based therapy
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If it works, do more of it
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Solution-based therapy
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Solution-based Therapy
Process |
Assessment
Diagnosis Goalsetting Methods First Session Task Between Session Change |
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Solution-based Therapy
Methods |
Possession of change
The Miracle Question Types of Questions: exception oriented; scaling; coping sequence |
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Solution-based therapy
. The miracle question |
If you were to go to sleep tonight and a miracle happened while you were sleeping that resolved the issue that you are having how would things be different whenever you woke up and how would you first notice
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Solution-based therapy
Question exception/oriented |
When things were different...
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Solution-based therapy
Question Coping Sequence |
Why are things not worse off than they are
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Solution-based therapy
First Session Task |
What is working
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Solution-based therapy
. Action talk |
What is better?
How not why. If I was an alien how would you describe stress/depression etc. so that I could understand it |
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Solution-based therapy
Criticisms |
Therapist may downplay or ignore problems.
Solutions forced. Superficial; it does not get to the "root" issue. Does not focus on the past |
