Theoretical Perspectives And Fundamental Concepts

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Continuous development

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a process of gradually improving skills over time

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Discontinuous Development

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a process which new ways of understand and responding to the world energlat specific times

Hint 2

stairs

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Nature

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-genetics
-the inborn biological given
-the inhereditary information we receive form our parents at the moment of conception

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Nurture

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-life experience
-the focus of the physical and social world that influences our biological makeup and psychological experiences before and after birth

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context

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unique combinations of personal and enviromental circumstances that can result in markedly different path of change

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Resilence

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-the ability to adapt effectively in the face of threats to development and other adversity
-long term relationship with mentoring adult
-high intelligence
-easy temperment( how upset they get and how easy it is to calm down)
-close relationship with " good enough" parent (one good parent)
-socially valved talents (sports)

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G Stanley Hall

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-the normitive
-measure of behavior are taken on large numbers of individuals and age-related averages are computed to represent typical development
-early 1900s

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Alfred Binet

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-inventer of the first usable intelligent test
-early 1900s

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Sigmund freud

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-focused on the impact of early childhood relationship on human development
-discussed childrens inner conflicts
-late 1800s early 1900s

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Eric Erickson

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-Expanded developmental study from birth to death
-examined the development of personality traits attitudes and skills that help make a person a pruductive member of society
-mid 1900s

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Jean Piaget

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-interested in cognitive development
-childeren actively constuct knowledge as they explore the world
-mid 1900s

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Lev Vygotsky

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-sociolcultureal theory
-Childrens discussions and participation in activities with more knowledge able members of society help them acquire cultural knowledge and behaviors
-mid 1900s

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Operational condintioning

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reinforcements and punishments shape behaviors
-disciplining children

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observational learning

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as children develop they become more selective about what they imitate

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Information processing

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- an approach that views the minds as a symbol
-maniputating system like a computor
-help to clarify the exact steps children take in their thinking as they accomplish tasks
-example how forgiving a child is

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Developmental cognitive neuroscientist

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-post tramatic stress
-interseted in the relationship between changes in the brain and the developing childs cognitive processing and behavior patterens

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Evolutionary developmental psychologist

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-developmental psychology focus on the survival value of behavior in history

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Ecological system theory

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-bronfenbrenner
-views the child as developing within a complex system of relationship affected

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dynamic system perspective

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involves veiwing the childs mind,body and physical and social worlds as an integrated system change at any level leads to reorganication

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Nature v.s nuture

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-childeren who are high or low in a characteristic (anxiety, sociability)remain that way in later ages
-stability
-regard enviroment as important they point to early experiences as establishing lifelong pattern of behavior
-heredity
-powerful negative events in the first few years cant be fully overcome by later more positive ones
-other theorist take a more optimistic view, emphasize that change is possiable and even likely if new experiences support it