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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is ordinal data?
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Data that can be ranked into an order eg the order horses come in a race.
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What is nominal data?
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Putting things into groups and labelling them.
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What is another word for nominal data?
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Categorical data.
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What is a variable?
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A quantity that varies.
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What is a binary variable?
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A variable where only two categories are possible.
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What is another word for a binary variable?
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Dichotomous.
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What is the median a measure of?
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The measure of central tendency.
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When is the median useful?
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When the data is skewed.
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What does the IQR describe?
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The spread of data around the median.
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What is the IQR?
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The distance between upper and lower quartile values.
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What is the standard deviation in relation to the variance?
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It's the square root of the variance.
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What is a skewed distribution?
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An asymmetrical frequency distribution.
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How could skewed data have an influence on what summary measure to choose?
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The mean may not be a avery good measure of central tendency, as it's weighted towards extreme values.
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What summary measure would be best if the data was skewed?
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Median.
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What is epidemiology?
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The scientific discipline studying the incidence, distribution, and control of disease in a population.
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What are the three objectives of descriptive epidemiology?
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Evaluate trends and compare them, provide a basis for planning and evaluating services, and identify any problems.
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What does descriptive epidemiology do?
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Tells us how things are distributed.
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What does analytical epidemiology do?
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Exploits the distributions and asks questions.
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What does experimental epidemiology do?
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Allows us to change the distributions ourselves.
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Give two advantages of descriptive studies over analytical studies.
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They're less expensive and less time consuming.
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What do prevalence studies measure?
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Disease and exposure simulaneously in a well-defined population.
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Give two advantages of prevalence studies.
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Uses whole population, not just ill people, and identifies the prevalence of common outcomes eg blood pressure.
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Give a disadvantage of prevalence studies.
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Don't identify cause and effect.
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Give two advantages of correlational studies.
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Can generate hypotheses for case-control studies and can target high-risk factors for future studies.
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Give two limitations of correlational studies.
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The data is for groups, so can't be linked to individuals. Also, there may be confounders at a individual level.
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Give three factors that can increase prevalence.
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Increase in incidence, healthy people migrating out and ill people migrating in.
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Give three factors that can decrease prevalence.
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Decrease in cases, high case-fatality, improved cure rate of cases.
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What proportion of the UK population smoke?
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27% of 16 years and older.
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What have been the current trends with smoking?
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Leveled out atm; not been a decrease since the early 90s. More women now smoke, but on the whole, more men smoke than women.
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Give four health effects of smoking.
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Heart disease, lung cancer, stroke, COPD.
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How does social position affect smoking rates?
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Higher socio-economic groups are less likely to smoke.
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Which age group is smoking most prevalent in?
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25-34 years.
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Which age group has seen the most decline in the last 15 years?
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over 55.
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How is a 95% reference range calculated?
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Two standard deviations from the mean.
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What does a 95% confidence range show?
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A set of values that most of the population lie in.
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What can the 95% reference range be used to do?
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Highlight potentially 'abnormal' findings for an individual.
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What is a 95% reference range created from?
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A sample.
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Give two problems with classifying people as normal and abnormal.
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Stigma and labelling, and nomral and abnormal are subjective judgements.
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Define stigma.
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Deliberate exclusion of certain types of person due to either physical or social attribute.
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What is passing stigma?
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Concealment of 'invisible' stigma eg mental illness, HIV.
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What is covering?
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Concealment of 'visible' stigma eg eczema.
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What is health promotion?
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Combination of education, political and economic interventions, designed to help bahvioural and environmental adaptations which will improve or protect health.
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Who in the WHO defined health promotion?
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Anderson, 1983.
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What are the five approaches to health promotion?
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Medical
Behavioural Educational Client-centred Societal |
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What does the client-centred part of health promotion do?
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Focuses on empowering individuals.
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Who made an approach to health promotion?
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Beattie.
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What was Beattie's approach to health promotion called?
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Beattie's typology.
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What is Beattie's typology?
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Contrasts authoritative and negotiated health promotion, contrasts individual and collective focus.
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What four segments are looked into with the Beattie's typology?
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Legislative action, community development, personal counselling and health persuasion.
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[Crimes Against Property]
Definition of Arson at Common Law? Mental state? |
A malicious burning of a building. Malice
What does burning mean? Material wasting of structure... Scorching is not enough, part of the building must have been destroyed |
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What is secondary prevention?
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Detecting and curing disease at an early stage.
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What is tertiary care?
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Minimising the effects or reducing the progression of an irreversible disease.
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Name five organisations that are involved in health promotion in the UK.
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GP, surestart, DoH, community workers and media.
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In what decade was there evidence that the UK was being overtaken in health indicators?
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1970s.
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What inquiry was launched in 1977, and what for?
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The black committee coz of health inequality in the UK.
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Which government party launched the black committee?
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Labour.
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When was the black report presented?
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1980.
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Who was the black report presented to?
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Tory minister Patrick Jenkins.
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What was the black report called?
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Inequalities in health.
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How many copies of the black report were printed?
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260.
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Who was the black report published by in many editions?
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Penguin.
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What did the ONS investigate in the 1990s?
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Variations in health.
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When was variations in health published?
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1997.
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What was the black report a key feature of?
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NHS plan 2000 - targets for tackling inequality were set.
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When was there a progress report done after the NHS plan to tackle inequalities?
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November 2002.
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When was the Tackling Health Inequalities: A Programme for Action launched?
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July 2003.
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Give two examples of social inequalities in health.
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Teenage pregnancies are more likely amongst lower social groups, and mortality from injury and poison is much higher for children from social group 5.
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What is used to measure inequality?
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Gini coefficient.
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What is the Gini coefficient?
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The ratio between the Lorenz Curve and a perfect distribution line (straight line).
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Is health inequality getting more or less equal in the UK?
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More as the gap increases between rich and poor people.
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From when have indicators shifted more towards equality?
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2001/2002.
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Who led the black report?
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Sir Douglas Black.
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What did the black report say was to blame for health inequality?
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Materialistic - poor housing and working environment.
Behavioural - poor health that people adopted eg smoking Social selection - health increasing up the social classes. |
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What is the Wilkinson hypothesis?
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Inequality itself generates ill health.
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What approaches have been suggested to reduce social inequalities in health?
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Reducing poverty and inequality and target health expenditure towards children and public health.
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Who did new Labour ask to review the evidence of the black report?
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Sir Donald Acheson.
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