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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is another word for the risk ratio?
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Relative risk.
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What is the risk ratio?
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The risk of developing disease associated with an exposure divided by the risk of developing the disease in the absence of exposure.
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What is the risk difference?
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The difference in risk between exposed subjects and non-exposed subjects.
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What is the odds ratio?
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The ratio of odds of exposure amongst subjects with disease compared to the odds of exposure amongst a control group.
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What is the odds ratio equal to?
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The cross-product ratio.
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What is the relative risk?
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The ratio of the probability of getting something in a given time when you're exposed to something, compared to if you're not.
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What is the absolute risk?
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The probability of an event in the population under study.
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What is the absolute risk difference?
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The difference in the risk for disease or death between an exposed population and unexposed population.
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What is the absolute risk reduction?
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The difference in risk between the control group and the treated group.
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Give two factors that can influence risk.
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We all interpret risk differently, and we're more willing to accept that risks are in our control and for our benefit.
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What is a meta-analysis?
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Mathematically combining the results of studies in a systematic review to get a more precise estimate of what is happening.
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What is a focus group?
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An evaluation activity comprising of a semi-structure discussion with a group of people.
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What does focus groups comprise of?
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Stakeholders.
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What do stakeholders do?
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Inform test-designers on the significance of each topic to be administered within a certification exam.
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What is participant observation.
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When the researchers take part in the events being studied.
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What is bias defined as?
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Systematic error in measurement.
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What is a market?
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A network of buyers and seller who exchange goods and services.
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What are all markets regulated by?
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Explicit and implicit rules (ethics)
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What two things, other than money, can trading be based on?
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Trust and altruism.
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What is altruism?
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Regard for others.
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How much blood do people have?
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8-10 pints.
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How much blood can be lost and then restored?
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2-3 pints.
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What can be used to restore the lost blood?
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Saline and iron tablets.
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If blood loss is greater than 2-3 pints, what is needed?
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Blood transfusion.
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Give three areas where blood transfusions are used a lot.
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General surgery, CTs, and blood diseases.
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Give two risks with giving blood.
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Giving the wrong blood group, and passing on infections.
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What is the risk of Hep B in blood?
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1 in 900,000.
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How many people donate yearly in the UK?
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2 million.
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What is publicly funded to do with blood donation?
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Donation, storage and distribution.
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What happens when there's less blood than needed?
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Call to public to donate some more.
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Who made a case against a market for blood?
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Titmuss, 1970.
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Give three reasons that Titmuss gave against blood donation.
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Represses altruism, erodes the 'sense of community', and is risky as it increases blood going from poor to rich.
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Who made a case for a market for blood?
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Cooper and Culyer.
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Give two reasons that Cooper and Culyer gave for the case for a market for blood.
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Blood isn't different from any other trade product, and supplies can be easily increased by removing obstacles to donors.
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Give five used body parts that can be used for donation.
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Kidneys, heart, lungs, cornea, and liver.
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Give an alternative to transplants.
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Dialysis.
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What are the costs and benefits associated with transplants?
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Clinically affective transplant is more cost effective; the person will have a better quality of life after the transplant.
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Give two ways that younger body parts are commonly donated.
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RTAs, and subarachnoid haemorrhages.
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What is the problems with organ donations atm?
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There aren't enough used organs donated.
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How is the USA helping to increase the supply of used body parts?
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Financial incentive.
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How many people in the USA don't have insurance?
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45 million.
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What does rationing involve?
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Depriving patients of care from which they would benefit and which they would like to consume.
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What is the issue with rationing?
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Not whether to do it, but how to do it.
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Give four ways that rationing is based on?
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Age, behaviour eg smoking, family circumstances, and social class.
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How many people in the USA don't have insurance?
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45 million.
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Does the supply of blood match demands?
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Just about.
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What does rationing involve?
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Depriving patients of care from which they would benefit and which they would like to consume.
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What would improve supply of body parts?
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The price mechanism.
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What is the issue with rationing?
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Not whether to do it, but how to do it.
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What do societies prefer instead of the price mechanism?
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Altruism.
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Give four ways that rationing is based on?
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Age, behaviour eg smoking, family circumstances, and social class.
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What did Voltaire say?
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The role of the doctor is to amuse the patient whilst the course of nature takes hold.
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Does the supply of blood match demands?
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Just about.
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What is the role of the modern doctor?
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Not simply to treat the sick, but decide which patients would be most cost effective to treat.
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What would improve supply of body parts?
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The price mechanism.
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What are the two conflicting perspectives on who to treat?
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Clinical effectiveness, and cost effectiveness.
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What do societies prefer instead of the price mechanism?
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Altruism.
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What did Voltaire say?
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The role of the doctor is to amuse the patient whilst the course of nature takes hold.
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What is the role of the modern doctor?
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Not simply to treat the sick, but decide which patients would be most cost effective to treat.
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What are the two conflicting perspectives on who to treat?
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Clinical effectiveness, and cost effectiveness.
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