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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What questions need to be asked about evidence?
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What is it?
How good is it? Where can it be found? |
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What is a diagnosis?
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Te process of determining the nature of a patient's disorder, by looking at the signs and symptoms, medical background and tests/investigations.
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What is a prognosis?
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An assessment of the future course of a patient's disease based on the knowledge of the course of disease in other patients, taking into account the gender, age etc.
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What is a treatment decision?
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A choice of what action to take to treat a patient.
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What are the three theories of decision-making?
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Normative - what should you be doing?
Descriptive - what are you doing? Prescriptive - improvements to make on what you're doing. |
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What does diagnostic reasoning focus on?
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How doctors make decisions.
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What does diagnostic reasoning compare?
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Expert clinicians with novice ones.
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What is the hypothetico-deductive model?
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Making a hypothesis then accepting it or rejecting it, depending on what evidence suggests.
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What are more experienced clinicians likely to use?
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Pattern matching.
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With the prospect theory, how many parts are decisions divided into?
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Two.
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What are the two parts of the prospect theory?
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Framing and editing - preliminary.
Evaluation phase - prospect with the highest value is selected. |
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What is the broad definition of evidence?
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Any factor that can and should influence clinical decision making.
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What is the narrow definition of evidence?
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Results of rigorous clinical trials and studies - information research studies.
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List the seven forms of evidence as the hierarchy of evidence.
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1. Systematic review/meta-analysis.
2. RCT 3. experimental design 4. cohort 5. case control 6. case report 7. personal communication. |
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List three places where good evidence can be found.
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Cochrane reviews, evidence based journals and Medline and other databases.
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Why is the hierarchy of evidence used?
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Resist bias.
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What is a sampling frame?
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The potential sources from which the sample is drawn eg a list of all the people living in a town.
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What are the important design features of a representative sample?
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A sample that has approx the same distribution of characteristics as the population form which it was drawn.
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What factors should influence how large a sample needs to be?
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Time, money, resources, importance of trial.
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What is the standard error?
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The standard deviation of a distribution of a sample statistic.
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Why are confidence intervals used?
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To decide what is statistically significant.
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Would the p value be bigger or smaller if the null hypothesis was true?
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Bigger.
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What is a type one error?
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When the null hypothesis is wrongly rejected. (false positive)
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What is a type two error?
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When the null hypothesis is wrongly accepted. (false negative)
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Give four approaches being used to address obesity at an individual and population level.
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Weight watchers, health promotion, changes in school dinners and advertising low salt diets.
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What is currently understood as a healthy diet in adulthood?
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One that doesn't contain much salt, far or sugar, and has enough vitamins and minerals. Also 5 a day.
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What is opportunity cost?
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The cost of passing up the next best choice when making a decision.
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What is cost-effectiveness?
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The usefulness derived from expenditure per unit spent.
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How is a QALY calculated?
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The change in the person's perception of well-being conferred by how long and beneficial/harmful the therapy may be.
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What is needed to be measured when calculating a QALY?
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The change in utility (how the person's perception of well-being is) and the expected duration of benefit or harm.
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How can QALYs be used in making rationing decisions?
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The greater the number of QALYs can be usd in comparison with opportunity cost.
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