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139 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is informal care?
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Care provided by partners, neighbours, friends etc, on an unpaid basis.
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What is formal care?
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Care provided by statutory services, on a paid basis.
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What is a carer?
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Anyone who looks after someone else that needs looking after, on an unpaid basis.
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What percentage of females are carers in England and Wales?
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10%
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What is the most popular age for carers?
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30-65
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How many hours per week do the majority of carers provide?
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1-19.
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Give the three regions in England and Wales that have the greatest proportion of carers.
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South Wales, North East and North West England.
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Give three ethnicities that aren't British that have a high level of caring.
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Pakistani, Bangladeshi and Indian.
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What fractions of men and women will become carers?
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2/3 of women and 1/3 of men.
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Give three things that carers do.
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Keep the person company, provide practical help and give medicines.
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What are the effects of caring on the carer's health?
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Carers have a high level of mental and physical illness, with living-in carers suffering the most, coz they don't have enough time to take care of their own health.
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For recognition and services, what act was made for carers?
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1995.
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What year was the national strategy for carers made?
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1999.
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What year was the carers and disabled children act made?
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2000.
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What year was the equal opportunities for carers act made?
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2004.
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What is the key policy measures for carers?
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Rights to an assessment of their needs.
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Give three things that the key policy measures for carers says carers are entitiled to.
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Respite, asking for time off work and carers allowance (£46).
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Give three carer's needs that are unmet.
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Practical and emotional support, training in care activites and respite care/short term breaks.
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What is a challenge for carers?
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Accessing mainstream services.
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What is needed for rural carers?
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Transport.
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What barriers are there with black and ethnic minority groups?
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Language and cultural barriers.
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What help is needed with young carers?
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Support and transition in to adulthood.
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What help is needed for carers of people with dementia?
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Practical and emotional support.
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What help is needed for carers of people with mental health problems?
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Stigma and discrimination issues.
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What help is needed for employed carers?
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Being able to juggle work and being a carer.
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What is the biopsychosocial model of health?
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An approach to health looking at a number of interacting factors relating to the individual.
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What are the biological factors in a BPS model?
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Disease and neuropathy.
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What are the psychological factors in the BPS model?
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Behaviours and patterns of thinking.
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What are the social factors in the BPS model?
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External environmental-physical/cultural.
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Who made the BPS model and in what decade?
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George Engel in the 1970s.
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What two things was the BPS model influenced by?
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Adolf Meyer and psychoanalytical movement.
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What is understood with the application of the BPS model?
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Physical illness.
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Give three of the current principles of the BPS.
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A holistic approach is needed with illness, the mind and body can influence health and fitness, and distinction can be made between illness and disease.
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Give four biological factors that underly mental illness.
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predisposition (genetics), precipitating factors (acute illness), maintaining factors (NM changes) and management (organic cause and pharmacology)
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Give four psychological factors underlying mental illness.
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predisposing (bad childhood), precipitating (psychological stresses), maintaining factors (behavioural factors) and management (CBT).
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What are the four social factors underlying mental illness?
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predisposing (poverty), precipitating (live events), maintaining (poor finances) and management (understand nature of life events, help with finance).
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Why does the BPS say everyone should be treated differently?
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Because everyone's situation is different and everyone reacts to things differently.
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What is the medical model's belief about illness?
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Disease causes the symptoms.
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What is the multi-axial model-diagnosis believe about illness?
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intellect, personality, psychosocial and spirituality is involved.
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What do the systemic/dynamic models believe about illness?
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Society, nature/nurture and the BPs models.
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Give four things that can influence the interpretation of experiences and beliefs.
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Age, intellect, personality and past experiences.
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What does social constructionism say about the world?
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Believes we are born into a social structure where others interpret the world for us eg parents, media etc.
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What does social constructionism believe about illness?
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That is varies amongst different groups of people.
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What does the attribution theory consider?
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Causality.
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What are the four things that the attribution theory say can influence our belief structure?
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Internal/external, stable/unstable, specific/global and controllable/uncontrollable.
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What is consensus?
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Society belief.
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What is distinctive?
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Personal belief.
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What is the locus of control theory?
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Whether the fault of the illness is internal or external.
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What are the two types of coping styles?
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Emotion focused and problem focused.
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Give four things that coping styles can have an influence on.
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Thoughts, behaviour, emotions and socialisation.
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What does the personal construct theory suggest?
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We all have a drive to understand our world and create meaning from events.
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With the personal construct theory, what can the constructs be about?
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Specific events or larger beliefs consistent across time eg religion.
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What does the health belief model do?
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Tries to understand why people do things.
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What does the health belief model link?
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Attitudes and behaviour.
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What does the health belief model assume?
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That people want to avoid negative health consequences.
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What is the health belief model used to develop?
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Health education strategies eg seat belts in cars.
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What is the protection motivation theory?
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Intention to protect self depends on two perceived things.
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What are the perceived things that are part of the protection motivation theory?
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The severity of the thing that might happen, the chance of it happening, how good the plan is to deal with it, and how good the individual is at doing it.
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What is the theory of reasoned action?
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Assumes that people consider the implications of their actions.
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Who made the self efficacy theory and when?
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Bandura and in the 1980s.
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What is the self efficacy theory?
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Belief that one is capable of doing certain things in order to attain certain goals.
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Give three things that belief in own capability can increase.
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Increased seld care and behaviour, have better adjustment to illness and better participation in screening.
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Give three things that systems can play an important role in.
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Preventing illness, promoting recovery and maintaining illness.
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Give an example of a system that we exist within.
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family.
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How can systems influence our beliefs?
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Beliefs about health, hot to respond to illness, time off work etc.
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What are the three main parts of when a life event causes stress?
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Life event, appraisal and stress.
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What is appraisal?
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Interpretation of a life event.
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What is the primary and secondary appraisals?
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primary - appraisal of event.
secondary - appraisal of coping abilities. |
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What can happen with the physiological symptoms of stress?
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They can be misinterpreted eg increased heart rate being a heart attack.
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What can happen when people misinterpret symptoms of stress to be something more serious?
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It can prolong the stress.
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What is medically unexplained symptoms somatisation?
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Manifestation of psychosocial distress as physical symptoms with medical help seeking behaviour.
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What percentage of patients in primary care have symptoms relating to psychological distress?
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25%
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What percentage of patients in hospital out patients have MUS?
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40%
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How are MUS linked to stress?
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Misinterpretation of symptoms.
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Give two things that can contribute to MUS.
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Childhood experiences and mental state/personality.
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How can stress cause indirect relapse of pre-existing physical illness?
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Poor compliance with medication, smoking etc.
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How can stress can direct relapse of pre-existing physical illness?
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Increased gastric acid secretion.
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What external factors can be important with a response to illness?
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If the thing is life-threatening, how painful it is etc.
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What is an illness appraisal?
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Cognitive appraisal in relation to illness.
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What is the name given to the five dimensions of illness appraisal?
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threat-5 dimensions by Leventhal.
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What are the five dimensions of illness appraisal?
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Identity, time line, consequences, cause, control/cure.
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What is involved in problem focused coping strategies?
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Seeks information and support eg new procedures and behaviours, and develops a realistic action plan.
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What is involved in emotional focused coping strategies?
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Emotional discharge - talking about problems, fears etc.
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What happens with emotion focused strategies?
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Friendships are built, emotional support is gained and there's a resigned acceptance.
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What happens at the end of emotion focused coping strategies?
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Come to terms with and accepting inevitable.
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Give two terminologies that learning disabilities has replaced.
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Mental handicap and mental retardation.
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How is a learning disability measure as?
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IQ below 70.
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What is the epidemiology of learning disabilities?
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1 in 100.
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Give three causes of learning disabilities.
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Trauma, toxins and genetics.
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What is an example of a metabolic cause of learning disabilities?
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PKU absense.
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What test is used at birth to test for a PKU absence?
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Guthrie test.
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Give five of the needs of people with learning disabilities.
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Finance, employment, health checks, social life and education.
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Give five services that are available to people with learning disabilities.
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Psychologists, specialist nurses, speech and language therapists, psychiatry and social services.
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Give four services that are specifically for people with learning disabilities.
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Mencap, respite, advocacy and wilf ward.
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What is abnormal grief?
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When there's very intense, prolonged, delayed grief, with excessive guilt etc.
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Give three predictors of abnormal grief.
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How the person died, the relationship they had to the person and if the person has dealt with loss before.
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What is bereavement?
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The process of adjusting to loss.
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What is grief?
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The emotional response to loss.
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What is mourning?
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The cultural process.
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What are rituals?
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Behaviours we use to do grief work.
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Give the four models of loss.
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Kubler-Ross, Bolby's natures repair cycle, Worden's tasks of mourning and Park's phases of grief.
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What is the Kubler-Ross model of grief?
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Denial
Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance |
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What is Bolby's natures repair cycle?
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Numbing,
Yearning and searching Disorganisation and dispair Reorganisation |
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What are Worden's tasks of mourning?
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Accepting reality of loss, experiencing pain of loss, adjusting to environment without the person in it, and relocating that person within ones life (memories).
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What are Park's phases of grief?
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Shock/numbness
Yearning and pain Disorganisation and despair Reorganisation Adjustment |
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What four things need to be done with children and grief?
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Age needs to be taken into account, need to communicate openly and honestly, softening the blow can lead to confusion later, and need to honest with own grief.
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What are the five responses to bereavement?
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Somatic, cognitive, emotional, spiritual, social.
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What four things need to be taken into consideration with cultural and spiritual needs?
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Respect of patient and family, repression, rituals and rights of passage.
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Give two effects of bereavement on health.
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Increases morbidity and mortality, and can have a direct effect of the immune system (stress).
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What is the role of family systems in dealing with bereavement?
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Needed in dealing with grief, roles can change within the family, and support from the family can help in the grieving process.
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In the nineteenth century, how were people with mental health problems classified?
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Sad, mad and bad.
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What made the nineteenth century classifications of mental health like that?
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The social values at the time.
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What has changed the perspective of classifying mental disorders?
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Emergence of medical science.
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What four things have risen since the emergence of medical science?
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Psychiatry, neurology, pharmacology and psyhcoanalysis.
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In what decade were asylums closed and what happened to the people in them?
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In the 70's, and they were treated in the community.
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What percent of men and women have some form of mental illness?
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Men - 14%
Women - 20% |
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What percent of sentenced women have psychiatric disorders compared to the percent of men?
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Women - 56%
Men - 37% |
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Give four things that are more likely to happen to women regarding mental health.
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To be diagnosed with neurosis, admitted to a mental hospital, receive a drug for depression/be diagnosed with it, and more likely to seek help for emotional distress.
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Give one thing that men are more likely to suffer from with mental illness.
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Psychosis.
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Who are more likely to successfully commit suicide out of men and women?
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Men - 4.5 more times than women.
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What is the group of people that are more likely to commit suicide?
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Elderly white men - 6 times higher than the national average.
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What can be a problem with ethnicity and mental health?
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Lumping people together.
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Which group of people have a higher rate of depression and hospital admissions?
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Irish.
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Give three reasons why Chinese people have low rates of reported mental illness.
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Close families and communities, Strong support/generate shame, and inaccessible health services.
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What are the things that African/Caribbean people are more likely to happen to with mental health?
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Be diagnosed as psychotic, and twice as likely to be detained.
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Give three things that can influence ethnicity and mental health.
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Stigma and help seeking in different countries, support, and inequalities in health.
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What is a stigma?
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A powerful negative label that can affect how a person sees themselves, and their social identity,and becomes embodied in them.
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Stigmas are applied by the ____ powerful to the ____ powerful.
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More, less.
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Give an example of how stigma can provoke change.
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Gay rights movement.
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What can stigmas be delivered from?
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Individual differences or prejudices.
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Give three implications of stigma.
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Might cause a barrier to seeking help, concerns about confidentiality and can contribute to a lack of medical care.
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What is primary deviance?
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Episodes of norm violation that most people take part in with little harm done to self concept.
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What is secondary deviance?
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When people make something of another's deviant behaviour.
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What is deviance?
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The recognised violation of cultural norms.
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What can go wrong with managing identity with people who feel subject to stigma?
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Could potentially damage part of a person's identity.
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Who made the components of stigma?
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Link and Phelan.
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What are the five components of stigma according to Link and Phelan?
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Labelling, stereotyping, separation, status loss and discrimination, and loss of status.
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Which component of stigma involves felt stigma?
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Separation.
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What component of stigmas is enacted stigma?
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Loss of status.
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