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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Population
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A group of individuals of the same species living in the same area or interbreeding and sharing genetic information.
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Demography
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The study of populations, especially their patterns in space and time.
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Site
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all the environmental features of a location
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Situation
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the placement of a location in relation to the surrounding area
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Acute/epidemic disease
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disease appears rapidly in a population, affecting a large percentage of it. It then declines and almost disappears until it reappears again
ex) malaria, AIDS, Black Plague, Spanish influenza |
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Chronic disease
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Disease is always present in a population, affecting a small but constant proportion of the population.
ex) stroke, heart disease, cancer |
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Age Structure Diagram
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A graphical illustration that shows differences between expanding, stable, and declining populations. Indicates both male and female groups.
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Urbanization
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Defined by the UN, if more than 20,000 people are living closely together it is considered an urban area. Urbanization is the migration of poeple to cities and the sequential development of technology and city structure in growing areas. Problems of employment, sanitation, housing, sewage, water, fire can worsen with the rapid increase in people living in one area.
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Logistic growth curve
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Represented by a "S" shaped curve. It is when a small population begins to grow rapidly then slow down and reaches a constant size.
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Replacement-level fertility
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The number of children a couple should have in order to replace then. This number is between 2.1 and 2.5
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Life expectancy
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the average number of years an individual can expect to live given the individual's present age
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Maximum lifetime
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the genetically determined maximum possible age to which an individual of a species can live
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carrying capacity
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the maximum number of individuals of a given species that a site can support during the most unfavorable time of year, without causing deterioration of the site. For example, the maximum number of deer that can be supported on a site without depleting browse.
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site
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is the summation of all the environmental features of a location
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J-Curve
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A graph that models an exponenctial growth curve, shaped like a "J"
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S-Curve
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A graph that models a logistic growth curve, shaped like an "S". Although similar to an exponential curve, the S-Curve levels off to represent a carrying capacity.
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City Planning (631)
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Formal, conscious planning for new cities (road arrangement, parks, etc)
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Made Lands (635)
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Lands which are created from fill (waste dumps of all kinds)
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Growth Rate
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the measurement of the number of individuals in a population using "per unit time". Equation: (pop. at end - pop. in beginning)/ pop. in beginning
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Rule of 70
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A rule to establish doubling time. take 70 and divide it by the growth rate.
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immigration
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The movement of people among countries. Similar to emigration, but immigration is the arrival of people from other countries
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emigration
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the act of leaving one's native country or region to another country or region. This is the leaving of a country, as opposed to the arriving of a country which is immigration.
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crude birth rate
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The crude birth rate is the number of live births per one-thousand individuals in a population. Note: crude birth rate - crude death rate = crude growth rate.
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crude death rate
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The crude death rate is the number of deaths per one-thousand individuals in a population. Note: crude birth rate - crude death rate = crude growth rate.
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microclimate
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Variations of the climate within a given area, usually influenced by hills, hollows, structures or proximity to bodies of water. (ie when it's raining at your house, and the sun is shining on the other side of the street)
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Urban sprawl
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Urban sprawl is the spreading of a city and its suburbs over rural land at the fringe of an urban area.
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Total Fertility Rate
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The total fertility rate of a population is the average number of children that would be born to a woman over her lifetime if (1) she were to experience the exact current age-specific fertility rates through her lifetime, and (2) she were to survive from birth through the end of her reproductive life. It is obtained by summing the single-year age-specific rates at a given time.
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Heat Island
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The buildings, concrete, asphalt, and the human caused industrial activity of urban areas have caused cities to contain higher temperatures than their surrounding countryside. This "island," of increased heat is called a "heat island." The main cause of the urban heat island is modification of the land surface by urban development; waste heat generated by energy usage is a secondary contributor
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Family Planning
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Family planning allows individuals and couples to anticipate and attain their desired number of children and the spacing and timing of their births. It is achieved through use of contraceptive methods and the treatment of involuntary infertility.
Family planning connotes conception control to avoid pregnancy and abortion. |
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baby boom
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A major increase in the annual birthrate following World War II, which lasted Until the early 1960s. The 'baby boomers', now moving into middle age, are a prime target for marketers, particularly as their own offspring will now have ceased to be a financial drain on them.
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green belt
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Generally areas of open land where new development is strictly controlled.
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Zero Population Growth
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When the birth rate of a given area is equal to (or slightly higher than) the death rate. Commonly accepted rates of ZPG are 2.1-2.4
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IPAT
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The equation for Human Impact on the Environment:
Influence = Population * Affluence * Technology |
