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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Interdisciplinary field of child development
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-professionals from psychology, education, sociology, anthropology, social work, biology, medicine, economics
-work to describe and understand the important changes that take place as children grow through childhood |
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Nature vs. Nurture
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-biological forces that govern development vs. enviornmental supports and conditions that impact development
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Hypotheses
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Specific inferences drawn from theories; researchers test them by collecting scientific observations and may even make new discoveries. The process often leads to revisions in the intial theories and sometimes to the development to new ones.
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social policy
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Officials at the federal, state and local levels try to use knowledge provided by child development research to imporve the lives of children and families. From "War on Poverty" to "No Child Left Behind" agencies have tried to intervene to improve the lives of children.
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DNA
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Two strands of sugar and phosphate molecules that twist around each other like a spiral staircase. The "stairs" that connect the two sides are specific pairs of different nucleotide bases called adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine. A always pairs with T and G with C.
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Meiosis
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"Reduction Division"
It reduces the number of chromosomes in each cell by half, 23 in each gamete, so that when sperm and egg unite, the fertilized egg will only have 46 chromosomes. |
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Dominant gene disease
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Individual will only need to receive one dominant allele to inherit the trait. Most common is Huntington's disease.
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Recessive gene disease
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Individual needs to receive two recessive alleles to inherit the trait. Common disorders are cystic fibrosis (respiratory prob and lung disease), sickle cell disease (involves hemoglobin; anemia) and Tay-Sachs (damage to brain and nervous system)
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Pedigree
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An ancestral line of descent, especially as diagrammed on a chart, to show ancestral history and to analyze inheritance of certain traits including familial diseases
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Range of Reaction
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Our genes set the boundries for our range of reaction. Ex: our hight gene is between 5' and 5'5" then our reaction will be somewhere within. height gene is 5' to 6' then we have a larger range. The environment that will help stimulate growth is healthy diet.
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Canalization
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Genetic limits on the effects of the environment. Genes provide a buffer against environmental variations. Individual will develop along a relatively predictable path despite environmental support, i.e. children begin walking at about 1 yr old regardless of the environment, except of course in extreme cases of neglect.
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Experiential canalization
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The envirnment limits the expression of genes. So our genetics allows for a large range of outcomes but the environment plays a limiting role on how those genetices will develop, i.e. all children are born with the ability to hear all sounds used in all language. After the first year, they are then only able to detect sounds to the languages that they were exposed to.
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Allele
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Any of the possible forms in which a gene for a specific trait can occur, it's what causes heriditary variations
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Mutations
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Occurs when the chromosomes didn't split correctly or there is damage to a chromosome. Most mutation result in a miscarriage. Those that produce children will most likely not be passed down through the next generations.
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Gametes
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A mature sexual reproductive cell, such as a sperm or an egg, that unites with another cell to form a new organism
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Mitosis
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"Copy division"
occurs when chromosomes are copied into each new cell. The DNA material "unzips" leaving A on one side and T on other. The bases then match up with their new counterparts and form two new chromosomes. This continues throughout body for life as you grow or heal. |
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Genotype
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The genetic code for each species i.e humans, elephants
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Presymptomatic testing
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Genetic testing that will tell you if you inherited a specific diseased gene before you experience any symptoms. Could allow you to begin treatment or use natural methods to try and combat disease before you have it.
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Susceptibility testing
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Testing is used to predict an outcome of the success of certain medications and treatments.
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ovulation
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Release of an egg from the female ovary. Happens every 28 days and typically only one is released.
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conception
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The process of fertilization where one sperm cell combines with one egg cell.
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sperm
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Men continue to produce sperm throughout their life. 500 million will be released during intercourse but only a few hundred will survive. Once a sperm enters the egg, the egg seals itself off to prevent any more from coming in, ensuring it only receives 23 chromosomes.
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ovum
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Womans egg cell. Will come to maturity every 28 days and then it is released to be fertilized or shed as mensturation.
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differentiation
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Process that occurs during cell division in which each new cell, as it divides, is committed to becoming a particular structure (such as heart, lung, brain) serving a particular function. How each cell knows what it is supposed to become is one of life's great mysteries.
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3 stages of birth
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germinal - conception to 2 wks
embryonic - week 3 thru 8 fetal stage - weeks 9 thru birth (38-40 weeks) |
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germinal stage
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conception to 2 wks, baby is called a zygote, first cell division and differentiation which leads to trophoblast and blastocyst, implants into uterine wall
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implantation
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Occurs after 8-12 days, the zygote embeds itself into the inner lining of the uterus. Zygote can absorb oxygen and nutrients directly from the mother's blood
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trophoblast
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1st differentation, cells become an outer layer which will later become the placenta, umbilical cord and amniotic fluid
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blastocyst
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1st differentation, becomes the inner cells which will later become the fetus
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embryo
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name during 2nd stage, develops into 3 layers, the ectoderm (outer layer=nervous system and skin), mesoderm (middle=circulatory system, muscles, reproductive system and skeleton) and endoderm (inner layer=respiratory system and digestive system).
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placenta
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The sac shaped organ that develops during pregnancy and attaches the uterus to the fetus. Blood flows between mom and baby and provides oxygen and nourishment as well as expels baby's waste. Is expelled after birth.
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umbilical cord
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The flexible cord that is attached on one end to the placenta and the other to the baby's abdomen. Used to carry oxygen and nutrients between mother and child.
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cephalocaudal
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cephalo-head
caudal-tail Pattern of growth in which the head and upper body tend to form and grow before the areas in the lower body |
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encroach
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侵
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organogenesis
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the process through which each important structure differentiates within the embryo. At the end of, all the major structures will be present such as brain, lungs, kidney, genitals, even fingernails. This also signifies the end of the embryonic stage.
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fetus
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The name of the baby during the 3rd stage, fetal, from wks 9-birth.
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teratogens
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substance or envirnmental factor that may affect pregnancy and cause birth defects, such as alcohol, cocaine and cigaretts.
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Alcohol effects
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leading cause of mental retardation, growth deficiency, head and facial deformities, hyperactivity, lowered IQ
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Cocaine effects
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preterm birth, growth retardation, malformations in brain, intestines and urinary tract, irritability, muscles tremors, visual problems and sleep disturbance
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Cigarette effects
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low birth weight, spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, neonatal death, hyperavtivity and poor school performance
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FAS - fetal alcohol syndrome
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tight eyelids, flattened midface, short nose, thin upper lip are typical malformations, overall growth deficiency, lowered IQ, hyperactivity, poor motor coordination. This is from severe alcohol abuse.
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FAE - fetal alcohol effects
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Subtle physical defects that may not even become apparent. Can have one of the effects of alcohol or several.
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critical periods
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the segments of time when structures are first forming and are most vulnerable to damage.
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dilation
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stage 1 of birth. Contractions start and cause the cervix to dilate to about 100x it's normal size. This stage typically lasts about 6-14 hours
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cervix
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tough ring of tissue that has remaind tightly closed throughout pregnancy to keep the fetus securely inside the uterus and protect it from infection.
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effacement
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obliteration of the uterine cervix by shortening and softening during labor
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delivery
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2nd stage of birth when the baby moves through the birth canal and is pushed out by mom. Usually lasts between 30 min to 2 hrs.
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afterbirth
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3rd stage of birth, placenta and membranes are expelled from continued contractions. Ususally lasts less than an hour
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malpresentation
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one complication of birth. When the fetus is presented in any other position than head down
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breech
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when baby tries to present itself feet first
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transverse
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when baby tries to [resent itself sideways
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miscarriage
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a natural occuring loss of pregnancy that happens during the first 20 weeks. Also referred to as a spontaneous abortion. Estimated that 40% of pregnancies end in miscarriage before mom even knows she's pregnant
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cesarean section
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surgical procedure in which the baby is removed through an incision made through the mother's abdomen. Used any time the baby may be in distress and becoming an option for childbirth due to the "convience"
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fetal distress
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occurs when the fetus experiences a sudden lack of oxygen, change in heart rate, or change in respiration. Determine this by using electrodes and other devices to moniter baby.
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anoxia
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deprivation of oxygen. Can cause permanant brain damage
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Apgar test
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Appearance - color
Pulse - heart rate Grimace - reflex Activity - muscle, movement Respiration - breathing Score of 0-2 on each catergory administered at 1 and 5 minutes 7-10 good health 4-6 potential problems, need monitoring 0-3 needs immediate attention |
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low birth weight
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refers to babies born less than 5 1/2 lbs. Baby can be born full term and be less than 5 1/2 lbs.
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preterm birth
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refers to babies that are born before 37 weeks of gestation. Babies born early have problems with undeveloped lungs
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stillbirth
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naturally occuring loss of pregnancy after 20 weeks gestation
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mid-wives
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typically provides prenatal care as well as attend the woman during childbirth. They take a more natural approach to birth.
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prepared childbirth
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classes or training that prepare you for child birth and what to expect, including relaxation techniques and controlled breathing.
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Lamaze
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one type of prepared childbirth class that you can take concentrates on selective relaxation of other muscles and controlled breathing
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home birth
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an alternative to traditional hospital birth. Woman gets to stay in the comfort of own home and is attended by a midwife. Some times use underwater births
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epidural anesthesia
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an injection of pain relieving drugs into the spaces of the spine so that pain is blocked from the waist down. One complication is that the woman may not be able to feel the urge to push.
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partners role
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to support the mother
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amniotic fluid
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the watery fluid that surrounds the fetus. Protects the baby from injury, sudden movement from mom, and helps regulate temperature
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