The War Of 1812 And The Rise Of Industry

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Embargo of 1807

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This act issued by Jefferson forbade American trading ships from leaving the U.S. It was meant to force Britain and France to change their policies towards neutral vessels by depriving them of American trade. It was difficult to enforce because it was opposed by merchants and everyone else whose livelihood depended upon international trade. It also hurt the national economy, so it was replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act.

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Non-Intercourse Act

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1809 - Replaced the Embargo of 1807. Unlike the Embargo, which forbade American trade with all foreign nations, this act only forbade trade with France and Britain. It did not succeed in changing British or French policy towards neutral ships, so it was replaced by Macon’s Bill No. 2.

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Macon’s Bill No. 2

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1810 - Forbade trade with Britain and France, but offered to resume trade with whichever nation lifted its neutral trading restrictions first. France quickly changed its policies against neutral vessels, so the U.S. resumed trade with France, but not Britain.

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Tecumseh (1763-1813)

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A Shawnee chief who, along with his brother, Tenskwatawa, a religious leader known as The Prophet, worked to unite the Northwestern Indian tribes. The league of tribes was defeated by an American army led by William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. Tecumseh was killed fighting for the British during the War of 1812 at the Battle of the Thames in 1813.

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War Hawks

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Western settlers who advocated war with Britain because they hoped to aquire Britain’s northwest posts (and also Florida or even Canada) and because they felt the British were aiding the Indians and encouraging them to attack the Americans on the frontier. In Congress, the War Hawks were Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun.

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Federalist opposition to the War of 1812

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The Federalist party was mainly composed of New England merchants, who wanted good relations with Britain and free trade. New England merchants met at the Hartford Convention in protest of the war and the U.S. government’s restrictions on trade.

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Naval engagements in the War of 1812

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The U.S. navy won some important battles on the Great Lakes but failed to break the British blockade of the U.S.

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Events of the War of 1812: Perry, Lake Erie, D.C., New Orleans

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Oliver Perry led a 1813 naval victory against the British on Lake Erie. Washington D.C. was captured and burned by the British in 1814. The Battle of New Orleans was a great victory for the U.S. in January, 1815, but it took place two weeks after the signing of the Treaty of Ghent had ended the war.

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Jackson’s victory at New Orleans

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January, 1815 - A large British invasion force was repelled by Andrew Jackson’s troops at New Orleans. Jackson had been given the details of the British army’s battle plans by the French pirate, Jean Laffite. About 2500 British soldiers were killed or captured, while in the American army only 8 men were killed. Neither side knew that the Treaty of Ghent had ended the War of 1812 two weeks before the battle. This victory inspired American nationalism.

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Hartford Convention, resolution

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December 1814 - A convention of New England merchants who opposed the Embargo and other trade restriction, and the War of 1812. They proposed some Amendments to the Constitution and advocated the right of states to nullify federal laws. They also discussed the idea of seceding from the U.S. if their desires were ignored. The Hartford Convention turned public sentiment against the Federalists and led to the demise of the party.

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Second bank of the U.S., a reversal of Jeffersonian ideas

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As a Republican, Jefferson opposed the National Bank. The Second Bank of the U.S. was established in 1816 and was given more authority than the First Bank of the U.S. Bank loans were used to finance the American industrial revolution in the period after the War of 1812.

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Tariff of 1816 -- Protective

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This protective tariff helped American industry by raising the prices of British manufactured goods, which were often cheaper and of higher quality than those produced in the U.S.

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Rush-Bagot Treaty, Great Lakes

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1817 - This treaty between the U.S. and Great Britain (which controlled Canada) provided for the mutual disarmament of the Great Lakes. This was later expanded into an unarmed Canada/U.S. border.

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Panic of 1819

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A natural post-war depression caused by overproduction and the reduced demand for goods after the war. However, it was generally blamed on the National Bank.

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Purchase of Florida

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1819 - Under the Adams-Onis Treaty, Spain sold Florida to the U.S., and the U.S. gave up its claims to Texas.

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Era of Good Feelings

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A name for President Monroe’s two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts.

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Chief Justice John Marshall: decision

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Justice Marshall was a Federalist whose decisions on the U.S. Supreme Court promoted federal power over state power and established the judiciary as a branch of government equal to the legislative and executive. In Marbury v. Madison he established the Supreme Court’s power of judicial review, which allows the Supreme Court to declare laws unconstitutional.

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Missouri Compromise, provisions

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Admitted Missouri as a slave state and at the same time admitted Maine as a free state. Declared that all territory north of the 36°30" latitude would become free states, and all territory south of that latitude would become slave states.

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Samuel Slater (1768-1835)

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When he emigrated from England to America in the 1790s, he brought with him the plans to an English factory. With these plans, he helped build the first factory in America.

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Robert Fulton, Clermont

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A famous inventor, Robert Fulton designed and built America’s first steamboat, the Clermont in 1807. He also built the Nautilus, the first practical submarine.

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Eli Whitney: cotton gin (short for "engine")

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1798 - He developed the cotton gin, a machine which could separate cotton form its seeds. This invention made cotton a profitable crop of great value to the Southern economy. It also reinforced the importance of slavery in the economy of the South.

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Boston Associates, Lowell, Massachusetts

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The Boston Associates were a group of Boston businessmen who built the first power loom. In 1814 in Waltham, Massachusetts, they opened a factory run by Lowell. Their factory made cloth so cheaply that women began to buy it rather than make it themselves.

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Daniel Webster (1782-1852)

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A great American orator. He gave several important speeches, first as a lawyer, then as a Congressman. He was a major representative of the North in pre-Civil War Senate debates, just as Sen. John C. Calhoun was the representative of the South in that time.

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Napoleon Bonaparte

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Sells Louisiana Territory to James Monroe for $15 Million. Needs money to fight against rebellions in colonies and war against Britain.

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Touissant L 'Overture

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Ex slave. Leads rebellions in Santo Domingo. Leads to Napoleon selling the Louisiana Territory.

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Lewis and Clark

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Scientific exploration of the Mississippi West and they set out from St. Louis in 1804, crossed the Rockies to the Oregon coast on the Pacific Ocean, then made the return journey back in 1806; increased geographic and scientific knowledge of previously unexplored country, strengthened US claims to the Oregon Territory, improved relations with Native American tribes, developed maps and land routes for fur trappers and future settlers

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John Marshall

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Chief Justice under Adams after his Midnight Appointments

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Marbury vs. Madison

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When Jefferson wanted to block Federalist appointments made at the last minute by Adams, he ordered Secretary of State James Madison not to deliver the commissions for those appointments and one of those appointments, William Marbury, sued for his commission; made the Judiciary Act unconstitutional and it gave the court greater power and jurisdiction than the Constitution allowed; Marbury didn't get paid.

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Aaron Burr

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Shot Hamilton. Plotted to get New England and New York to secede. Tried for treason.

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Barbary Pirates

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First major challenge in Jefferson presidency to protect US Merchant ships from being seized by Barbary pirates; fought in Mediterranean

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Impressment

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Forcing seamen or anybody into an army.

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Chesapeake and Leopard Affairs

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British ship Leopard fired on the US Warship Chesapeake; anti-British feeling at highest point ever

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James Madison

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President during the war of 1812.

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Tecumseh

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Tecumseh is the warrior and Prophet is the religious leader; Shawnee brothers who attempted to unite all of the tribes east of the Miss. River; General William Henry Harrison took aggressive action.

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Battle of Tipecanoe

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1811, Harrison destroyed the Shawnee HQ and put and end to Tecumseh's efforts to form an Indian confederacy; Britain blamed for instigating the rebellion.

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War Hawks

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KY, TN, OH young congressmen in 1810 who wanted to go to war with Britain eagerly; had significant influence; war with Britain would defend American honor, gain Canada, and destroy Native American resistance on the frontier

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Henry Clay

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KY Congressman. He was a strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser." (responsible for the Missouri Compromise).

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John C. Calhoun

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SC Congressmen. Vice President under Andrew Jackson; leading Southern politician; began his political career as a nationalist and an advocate of protective tariffs, later he becomes an advocate of free trade, states' rights, limited government, and nullification.

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Battle of New Orleans

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A major British effort to control the Mississippi River was halted at New Orleans leading a force of frontiersmen, free blacks, and Creoles

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Battle of Horseshoe Bend

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In Alabama, ended the power of the British allies, the Creek nation; opened new lands to white settlers;

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Andrew Jackson

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A general and political leader of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. As a general in the War of 1812, he defeated the British in the Battle of New Orleans.

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James Monroe

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He was the fifth President of the United States. He is the author of the Monroe Doctrine. Proclaimed that the Americas should be closed to future European colonization and free from European interference in sovereign countries' affairs. It further stated the United States' intention to stay neutral in European wars. Bought the Louisiana Territory under Jefferson.

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Denmark Vesey

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Free slave in south carolina; a mulatto who inspired a group of slaves to seize charleston, south carolina in 1822, but one of them betrayed him and he and his thirty-seven followers were hanged before the revolt started.

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Nat Turner

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Slave in virginia who started a slave rebellion in 1831 believing he was receiving signs from god his rebellion was the largest sign of black resistance to slavery in america and led the state legislature of virginia to a policy that said no one could question slavery.

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American System

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Henry Clays 3 pronged system to promote industry.
-A strong Banking System
-a protective tariff
-Federally funded transportation network

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Florida Purchase Treaty

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1819 - Under the Adams-Onis Treaty, Spain sold Florida to the U.S., and the U.S. gave up its claims to Texas. gave american southwest to spain

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Monroe Doctrine

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A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere.

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Lowell System

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Was a paternalistic textile factory system of the early 19th century that employed mainly young women [age 15-35] from New England farms to increase efficiency, productivity and profits in ways different from other methods.

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Market Revolution

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a drastic change in the manual labor system originating in south (but was soon moved to the north) and later spread to the entire world. Traditional commerce became outdated with the transportation and industrail revolution. As a result, the north started to have a more powerful economy that was starting to challenge the economies of some mid-sized European cities at the time.

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Sectionalism

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loyalty to a particular region

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King Cotton

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Expression used by Southern authors and orators before the Civil War to indicate the economic dominance of the Southern cotton industry, and that the North needed the South's cotton.

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Urbanization

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Migration into urban areas.

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Cyrus McCormick

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Irish-American inventor that developed the mechanical reaper. The reaper replaced scythes as the preferred method of cutting crops for harvest, and it was much more efficient and much quicker. The invention helped the agricultural growth of America.

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John Deere

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United States industrialist who manufactured plows suitable for working the prairie soil (1804-1886)