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15 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Definitions of Argument
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i. Proof or evidence
ii. Influence, reason iii. Intended to establish a reasoning iv. Process of reasoning v. Subject of contention or debate vi. Framing of a definition can influence an audience to think a certain way, and can aid an argument or point vii. Lecture definition: An act of construction 1. Metaphor: building a house 2. Installing studs, decorating 3. End result is a sturdy finished product that can withstand pressure |
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a. Argument as War
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i. Debora Tannin’s view of an argument
ii. A fight - - involves defense and attack iii. Something to be avoided iv. Involves polarized enemies v. Entails winners and losers, zero-sum game vi. Negotiation is a last resort, and is not a victory vii. A common view of argument |
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b. Argument as Opinion
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i. About feelings and beliefs, not knowledge or truth
ii. Entails issues we’d rather not engage iii. Leads one away from reason |
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c. Argument as Lost
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i. Walter Lippmann
ii. The argumentative ideal is unrealistic iii. Argument is in decline due to: |
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ii. The argumentative ideal is unrealistic-lippmann
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1. Assumes ideal argument once existed
2. Current ideals did not exist in the past, so there is no basis for comparison 3. Spread of argumentation and public debates is more prevalent with modern technology and media |
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iii. Argument is in decline due to:-lippmann
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1. Consumer culture
2. Public apathy and distraction 3. Mass media and journalism a. Can hurt or help argumentation b. Televised debates provide a distraction since we are so persuaded by the visual c. Media allows for distribution of news or events |
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i. Praxis
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practice informed by theory; the practice of communication based on democratic theory
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why does democratic praxis
iii. Helps society function |
1. Communication = necessary for society
2. Participation = necessary for communication 3. Argument = necessary for productive participation |
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Democratic praxis: Generates knowledge
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a. Exchange of information and opinions
b. Total agreement generates no knowledge c. Elaborates our own opinions and helps us discover what we really do know d. Challenges our opinions and knowledge |
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Democratic praxis:2. Helps us understand our values and goals
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a. Reconfirm your own beliefs
b. This then helps discover common ground which allows us to examine the other side |
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democratic praxis: 3. Helps resolve disagreement fairly
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a. Allows us to understand the other side through discussion
b. We can understand the end result more thoroughly |
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democratic praxis:4. **Enacts citizenship
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a. Arguing about public issues makes people emerge from their private lives, and even discuss private issues
b. By engaging others we become citizens (process of argument) c. Voting is a result of argument (action or product of argument) |
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III. Levels of Argument: product
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i. An argument made
ii. Involves process iii. Premises: Evidence and reason iv. Outcome is the claim, or conclusion v. The actual argument is the product |
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III. Levels of Argument: process
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i. An argument happening; “having” an argument
ii. Everything that leads up to the product iii. Where the reason giving takes place iv. Collection of arguments, premises of a product v. Metaphor: factory that produces a product, but the factory is the process - -use previously made products during the process |
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III. Levels of Argument:controversy
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i. An argument evolving
ii. Process on steroids, it is always continuing iii. Macro concept of argument, issues overlap and collect |