The Urinary System: Short Answer

Front 1

The extracellular fluids surrounding the cells of the body are called __________.

Back 1

interstitial fluids

Front 2

The kidneys regulate the volume of blood plasma and thereby contribute to the regulation of ___________.

Back 2

blood pressure

Front 3

In the body, the kidnys are found lateral to the ________.

Back 3

vertebral column

Front 4

The adult kidney is about the size of a(n) __________.

Back 4

fist

Front 5

The concave notch on the medial surface of the kidney is knwn as the __________.

Back 5

hilus

Front 6

Each kidney is enclosed in white, fibrous tissue that forms a(n) ___________.

Back 6

capsule

Front 7

The long duct carrying urine away from the kidney is the ___________.

Back 7

ureter

Front 8

The two distinct regions of the kidney are the outer cortex and the inner ________.

Back 8

medulla

Front 9

The triangular wedges of tissue composing the medulla of the kidney are referred to as _____________.

Back 9

renal pyramids

Front 10

A branch of the renal pelvis located at the apex of each renal pyramid is referred to as ______________.

Back 10

minor calyx

Front 11

Urine is formed within the functional unit of the kidney, a structure called the _________.

Back 11

nephron

Front 12

The number of nephrons in each kidney is over one __________.

Back 12

million

Front 13

Arterial blood entering the kidney flows through the ____________.

Back 13

renal artery

Front 14

Blood flows into the glomerulus by means of a microscopic vessel called a(n) ____________.

Back 14

afferent arteriole

Front 15

Each glomerulus of the nephron is surrounded by a capsule called the __________.

Back 15

glomerular capsule

Front 16

Filtrate enters the glomerular capsule from the glomerulus by the process of _________.

Back 16

filtration

Front 17

The major force pushing blood plasma into the glomerular capsule is the pressure exerted by ___________.

Back 17

blood pressure

Front 18

In a single hour, the amount of blood plasma passing through the glomeruli is approximately

Back 18

7.5 liters

Front 19

The tubule of the nephron leading away from the glomerular capsule is the ____________.

Back 19

proximal convoluted tubule

Front 20

The transport of molecules from the proximal convoluted tubule into the peritubular capillary occurs by the process of _________.

Back 20

active transport

Front 21

The surface area for reabsorption is increased in the wall of the proximal tubule by the presence of _________.

Back 21

microvilli

Front 22

Active transport, which accounts for the reabsorption of amino acids and glucose, requires the expenditure of energy in the form of _______.

Back 22

ATP

Front 23

The passage of chloride ions out of the proximal convoluted tubule follows the pumping out of ____________.

Back 23

sodium ions

Front 24

The accumulation of sodium chloride molecules in the peritubular capillary creates a (n) ________________.

Back 24

osmotic gradient

Front 25

The sodium chloride molecules accumulating in the peritubular capillary exert a pulling power on molecules of ____________.

Back 25

water

Front 26

The passage of water molecules from the proximal convoluted tubule to the peritubular capillary occurs by the process of __________.

Back 26

osmosis

Front 27

The passage of sodium ions into the peritubular capillary occurs by active transport, a process that requires much _________.

Back 27

energy

Front 28

The proximal convoluted tubule leads to the descending limb of the ___________.

Back 28

loop of Henle

Front 29

The descending limb extends down into the portion of the kidney known as the _______.

Back 29

medulla

Front 30

In the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, active transport brings about the reabsorption of ______________.

Back 30

sodium and chloride ions

Front 31

Water flows out of the descending limb of the loop of Henle into the surrounding tissues because they are ___________.

Back 31

hypertonic

Front 32

The water exiting the descending loop of Henle does so by the process of ____________.

Back 32

osmosis

Front 33

The mechanism of accounting for the passage of water out of the descending limb of Henle's loop, but not the ascending limb, is known as the ____________.

Back 33

countercurrent mechanism

Front 34

The accumulation of organic materials in the medulla includes a high concentration of the nitrogenous waste product known as ________.

Back 34

urea

Front 35

The water released at the loop of Henle flows back into the bloodstream by means of capillaries and __________.

Back 35

peritubular capillaries

Front 36

After leaving the loop of Henle, the fluid flows into the ____________.

Back 36

distal convoluted tubule

Front 37

In the process of tubular excretion, compunds are removed from the blood fluid into the ____________.

Back 37

distal convoluted tubule

Front 38

Among the molecules entering the nephron fluid by tubular excretion are hydrogen ions, ammonia, uric acid, and _____________.

Back 38

creatinine

Front 39

After leaving the distal convoluted tubule, the newly formed urine drips into the ____________.

Back 39

collecting duct

Front 40

The reabsorption of water in the nephron of the kidney is controlled in part by a hormone known as _________.

Back 40

antidiuretic hormone

Front 41

The secretion of ADH is controlled by chemical receptors that respong to an increase in ___________.

Back 41

sodium and other ions

Front 42

The hormone ADH, which is involved in water reabsorption, is stored in the posterior lobe of the ___________.

Back 42

pituitary gland

Front 43

The adrenal hormone that stimulates the reabsorption of sodium ions from the distal convoluted tubules is ____________.

Back 43

aldosterone

Front 44

In stimulating the reabsorption of sodium ions, the adrenal hormone also stimulates the reabsorption of __________.

Back 44

water

Front 45

The secretion of potassium in the nephron of the kidney is regulated by the hormone ____________.

Back 45

aldosterone

Front 46

The waste product urea, which is present in the urine, is a product of amino acid metabolism taking place in the _____________.

Back 46

liver

Front 47

Chloride, sulfate, and phosphate ions are all found in the urine all carry a charge that is ___________.

Back 47

negative

Front 48

Large amounts of ketone bodies in the urine are often a symptom of __________.

Back 48

diabetes mellitus

Front 49

The pigments that give urine its color are derived from substances in the diet or from the pigment in red blood cells known as ______.

Back 49

hemoglobin

Front 50

The process of expelling urine from the body is referred to as _____________.

Back 50

micturition