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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 4 functions of the urinary system? |
1. Excrete metabolic waste 2. Maintain water-salt balance 3. Maintain acid-base balance 4. Secrete hormones |
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What are the 3 nitrogenous wastes and how are they made? |
1. Urea: ammonia from liver combines with carbon dioxide 2. Creatinine: by-product of creatine phosphate breakdown 3. Uric Acid: by-product of nucleotide breakdown |
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How is water-salt balance maintained? |
By the kidneys, salt causes osmosis in blood, more water=higher pressure, kidneys regulate blood pressure and volume which is associated with salt balance |
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How is acid-base balance maintained? |
Excretion of hydrogen ions and reabsorption of bicarbonate |
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What are the 2 major hormones secreted by the urinary system? |
1. Renin: leads to aldosterone release from adrenals and reabsorption of Na ions 2. Erythropoietin: stimulates RBC production |
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What are the kidneys? |
Two bean-shaped organs at the lower back that extract waste from the blood and balance body fluids from urine |
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What are the ureters? |
Three-layered walled tubes that conduct urine from the kidney to the bladder by peristalsis
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What is the bladder? |
An expandable, circular muscle that stores urine |
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What is the urethra? |
Channel conducting urine out of the body, common pathway for both reproductive and urinary tracts |
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How is urination sensed? |
Bladder walls stretched to fill 250ml, impulses sent from spinal cord to bladder to contract, mictrurition occurs |
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What is a nephron? |
The basic structural unit of the kidney |
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What is the glomerular capsule? |
Cup-like sac at beginning of nephron tube that begins filtration of blood to form urine |
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What is the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)? |
Cupoidal epithelial cells lined with microvilli to increase surface area and rate of fluid reabsorption |
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What is the Loop of Henle? |
U-shaped tube at bottom of nephron connecting urine with nephron to recover water |
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What is the distal convoluted tubule (DCT)? |
Section that reabsorbs fluid into capillaries |
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What is the renal vein? |
Vein carrying deoxygenated blood from the kidneys back to the heart |
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What is the renal artery? |
Artery carrying oxygenated blood from the heart to the kidneys |
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What are capillary networks? |
Tiny blood vessels running alongside nephrons allowing reabsorption and secretion between blood and lumen |
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What is the glomerulus? |
Cluster of capillaries that filters blood into water and small molecules through high hydrostatic pressure |
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What becomes reabsorbed into the blood stream? |
Water, required salts and nutrients, glucose, amino acids |
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What are the 3 steps of water reabsorption? |
1. Reabsorption of salt: 99% of salt filtered/reabsorbed by PCT, LOH and DCT 2. Establishment of solute gradient: salt diffuses out of lower LOH ascending limb, upper section transports more salt out, causes hight osmotic pressure 3. Reabsorption of water: water leaves DCT and LOH to be filtered through collecting duct |
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What are diuretics? |
Substances that increase urine flow |
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What are some examples of diuretics? |
1. Alcohol: shuts off ADH, causing dehydration and hangover 2. Caffeine: increases glomerular filtration rate while decreasing Na reabsorption 3. Diuretic drugs: inhibit active transport of Na at LOH or DCT |
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What are some illnesses of the urinary tract? |
1. Urethritis: inflammation of urethra 2. Cytisis: inflammation of bladder 3. Pyelonephritis: infection of kidneys 4. Kidney stones: result of pH imbalance and high Ca intake |
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What is hemodialyisis? |
Artificial kidney machine that cleans blood, adjusts pH levels, maintains water-salt balance |
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How successful are kidney transplants? |
97% |
