The Spine Pta

Front 1

How many Segments (roughly) are there in the Spine and what are they?

Back 1

▪ 30 or 33 segments

▪C7

▪T12

▪L5

▪S5 (fused)

Front 2

What are the Functions of the Spine?

Back 2

▪Longitudinal axis of body

▪Protection

▪Shock absorption and transmission

▪Movement of the spine itself or other attachment of muscles

Front 3

What is the Purpose of Vertebral Curves?

Back 3

Increased strength and resilience

Front 4

Where are the Vertebral Curves in a Kyphosis?

Back 4

▪Thoracic

▪Sacral

Front 5

Where are the Vertebral Curves in Lordosis?

Back 5

▪Cervical

▪Lumbar

Front 6

Describe Primary Curves

Back 6

▪Born with it

▪Kyphotic

Front 7

Describe Secondary Curves

Back 7

▪Developed

▪Lordotic

Front 8

How many axis of movement is the Spine as a whole?

Back 8

It is Triaxial

Front 9

What movements occur at the Spine in the Sagittal Plane?

Back 9

▪Flexion

▪Extension (hyperextension)

Front 10

What movements occur at the Spine in the Frontal/Coronal Plane?

Back 10

Side bending

Front 11

What movements occur at the Spine in the Horizontal/Transverse plane?

Back 11

Rotation

Front 12

Which part of the Vertebra bears weight and is more anterior and larger?

Back 12

Body

Front 13

Where is the Neural/Vertebral arch located?

Back 13

in the Posterior

Front 14

What is the Vertebral Foramen?

Back 14

The Opening for the Spinal Cord

Front 15

What are the Transverse Processes for?

Back 15

They are attachment sites for Muscles and Ligaments

Front 16

What are the Spinous Processes for?

Back 16

They are attachment sites for Muscles and Ligaments

Front 17

Where is the Pedicle located?

Back 17

Between Vertebral Body and Transverse Processes

Front 18

Where is the Lamina located?

Back 18

Between Transverse Process and Spinous Process

Front 19

What are the 2 Articular Processes?

Back 19

▪Superior

▪Inferior

Front 20

What are Intervertebral Foramen?

Back 20

Openings between two vertebrae where the Spinal Nerves exit the spine

Front 21

What is the Pars?

Back 21

The anatomic weak point in the Lumbar Spine

Front 22

Where is the Pars Interarticularis located?

Back 22

Between the Superior and Inferior Articular Facets in the Lumbar Spine

Front 23

How many Intervertebral Discs are there? What part of the vertebra do they attach to? How much of the height of the spine is it?

Back 23

▪23 Total Discs

▪Attach to the body of the vertebra

▪About 25% of the total height of the spine

Front 24

What are some functions of the intervertebral disks?

Back 24

▪Shock absorption and Transmission

▪Maintain flexibility and movement of vertebral column

▪Height

Front 25

What is the Annulus Fibrosis?

Back 25

▪Outer portion of the discs
▪Concentric rings made of fibrocartilage

Front 26

What is the Nucleus Pulposis? What is it high in?

Back 26

▪Gel-like inner portion of the disc

▪High in H2O Content

Front 27

What ways do the Fibers in the Annulus Fibrosis run?

Back 27

Fibers run in different directions to be able to withstand multidirectional forces

Front 28

How can Intervertebral Discs get stronger?

Back 28

By placing Normal, Healthy Stresses on them

Front 29

How can Intervertebral Discs get weaker?

Back 29

By placing Prolonged, Repetitive, or Excessive "Bad" Stresses on them

Front 30

Which way does the Nucleus Pulposis move when a Compressive Force is applied?

Back 30

It moves Away from the Force

ex: Spinal Flexion it moves Backward

Front 31

What are some concerns regarding a Disc Injury?

Back 31

▪It is painful

▪It may push onto the spinal cord

▪It can potentially have permanent sensation loss

Front 32

What are the 6 Main Ligaments that support the Spine?

Back 32

▪Anterior Longitudinal Ligament

▪Posterior Longitudinal Ligament

▪Ligamentum Flavum

▪Interspinous Ligament

▪Supraspinous Ligament

▪Intertransverse Ligament

Front 33

What does the Anterior Longitudinal Ligament connect? How is the structure in regards to thickness? What motion would it limit?

Back 33

▪It connects Anterior Vertebral Bodies

▪Thin Superiorly and Thick Inferiorly

▪It limits Extension

Front 34

What does the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament connect? How is the structure in regards to thickness? What motion would it limit?

Back 34

▪It connects Posterior Vertebral Bodies

▪Thick Superiorly and Thin Inferiorly

▪It limits Flexion

Front 35

What is the Ligamentum Flavum also known as? What does it connect? What action does it limit

Back 35

▪AKA: "Yellow Ligament"

▪Connects Lamina to Lamina (inside canal)

▪It limits Flexion

Front 36

What does the Interspinous Ligament connect? What action does it limit?

Back 36

▪It connects the Bodies of the Spinous Processes

▪It limits Flexion

Front 37

What does the Supraspinous Ligament connect and what action does it limit?

Back 37

▪Connects the tips of the Spinous Process

▪Limits Flexion

Front 38

What does the Intertransverse Ligament connect and what actions does it limit?

Back 38

▪Connects Transverse Processes

▪Limits Sidebending and Rotation

Front 39

What are the 2 sets of Articulations per spinal level?

Back 39

▪Intervertebral Joints (Discs Joints)

▪Facet Joints (Apophyseal or Zygapophyseal Joints)

Front 40

Do Intervertebral Joints allow motion?

Back 40

They allow motion but don't dictate motion

Front 41

How many articular processes per vertebra do Facet Joints have and what are they?

Back 41

▪4 Facets/Articular Processes

▪2 Superior and 2 Inferior

Front 42

What kind of joints are Facet Joints? And what is the type of movement based on?

Back 42

▪Synovial Joints

▪Movement is based on the orientation of Facets

Front 43

How many planes of movement of Facets/Articular Processes are there in the Cervical Spine?

Back 43

Triplanar, Motions in all planes

Front 44

What plane of movement is the Thoracic Spine in? What motions does it do?

Back 44

▪Frontal Plane

▪Sidebeding and Rotation

Front 45

What plane of movement is the Lumbar Spine in? What motions does it do?

Back 45

▪Sagittal Plane

▪Flexion and Extension

Front 46

What are some traits of a Typical Cervical Vertebrae

Back 46

▪Small body

▪Unicated processes on superior body

▪Bifid spinous process

▪They have Transverse Foramen

▪Facets are Triplanar

▪Spinous Processes are thin and projecting posteriorly

Front 47

Traits of an Atypical Cervical Vertebrae: C1 Atlas

Back 47

▪Does NOT have a body and Spinous Process

▪Has A "washer" between skull and C2

▪Has Anterior and Posterior arches

▪Has Superior and inferior Articular Processes for occiptal condyles and C2

▪Has a Facet for Odontoid Process of C2

Front 48

Traits of an Atypical Cervical Vertebrae: C2 Axis

Back 48

▪Has a Small Body
▪Has a Dens (Odontoid Process)

Front 49

What does the Odontoid Process of the Axis provide?

Back 49

▪Projects vertically into the ring of C1

▪Forms a pivot where rotation occurs

Front 50

What structure is associated with the Cervical Spine?

Back 50

Vertebral Artery

Front 51

What are the Ligaments of the Upper Cervical Spine?

Back 51

▪Transverse Ligamen

▪Alar Ligament

▪Apical Ligament

Front 52

Where is the Transverse Ligament located and what does it prevent?

Back 52

▪Located in the Ring of C1

▪It prevents Odontoid Process from displacing in the Vertebral Foramen

Front 53

Where are the Alar Ligaments found?

Back 53

From the odontoid process to the occiput

Front 54

Atypical Cervical Vertebrae: C7, what is it also known as and how prominent is it?

Back 54

▪Very prominent and has an easily palpable spinous process

Front 55

Where is the Ligamentum Nuchae located? What action does it do?

Back 55

▪Located ONLY in the Cervical Spine

▪Extension of Supraspinal Ligament

Front 56

What are some Traits of a Typical Thoracic Vertebrae?

Back 56

▪They have Facets/Demifacets on the vertebral body

▪They have Facets on Transverse Processes

▪The Body is an intermediate Size

▪Has Long Spinous Process that project downward

▪The Facets are oriented for Sidebending and Rotation (more in the Frontal Plane)

Front 57

What are some Traits of a Typical Lumbar Vertebrae?

Back 57

▪Largest Vetebral Body

▪Large Transverse Processes

▪Spinous Process are short, blunt and project posteriorly

▪Facets are aligned for Flexion and Extension (in the sagittal plane)

Front 58

What are the Lumbar Ligaments and what do they support?

Back 58

▪Iliolumbar Ligament

▪Lumbosacral Ligament

▪They further support L5 - S1

Front 59

What are the degrees of Flexion in the Cervical Spine?

Back 59

45 - 60 degrees from Chin to Sternum

Front 60

What are the degrees of Extension in the Cervical Spine?

Back 60

45 - 85 degrees Forehead parallel to the ground

Front 61

What are the degrees of Sidebending in the Cervical Spine?

Back 61

40 - 50 degrees From Earlobe to Acromion

Front 62

What are the degrees of Rotation in the Cervical Spine?

Back 62

70 - 90 degrees From Chin to Acromion

Front 63

What motions occur at C0 - C1 and how many degrees is it?

Back 63

▪"Nodding" Flexion and Extension

▪15 degrees

Front 64

What motions occur at C1 - C2 and how many degrees is it?

Back 64

▪Rotation (about 1/2 total rotation of C Spine)

▪40 - 45 degrees

Front 65

What are the degrees of Flexion in the Thoracic Spine?

Back 65

20 - 45 degrees

Front 66

What are the degrees of Extension in the Thoracic Spine?

Back 66

25 - 45 degrees

Front 67

What are the degrees of Side Bending in the Thoracic Spine?

Back 67

20 - 40 degrees

Front 68

What are the degrees of Rotation in the Thoracic Spine?

Back 68

35 - 50 degrees

Front 69

What are the degrees of Flexion in the Lumbar Spine?

Back 69

40 - 60 degrees

Front 70

What are the degrees of Extension in the Lumbar Spine?

Back 70

20 - 35 degrees

Front 71

What are the degrees of Side Bending in the Lumbar Spine?

Back 71

15 - 20 degrees

Front 72

What are the degrees of Rotation in the Lumbar Spine?

Back 72

3 - 18 degrees

Front 73

What are Primary Motions in the Cervical Spine?

Back 73

Triplanar (All Motions)

Front 74

What are the Primary Motions in the Thoracic Spine?

Back 74

▪Side Bending

▪Rotation

Front 75

What are the Primary Motions in the Lumbar Spine?

Back 75

Flexion and Extension

Front 76

What do the Anterior/Ventral Rami form?

Back 76

Terminal Peripheral Nerves

Front 77

What do Posterior/Dorsal Rami Innervate?

Back 77

Segmental Innervation of Spinal Muscles

Front 78

What are the Superficial and Deep Anterior Neck Muscles?

Back 78

Superior:

▪SCM (Sternocleidomastoid)

▪Scalenes

Deep:

▪Prevertebral Muscles

Front 79

What are the Superficial and Deep Posterior Neck Muscles?

Back 79

Superficial:

▪Trapezius

▪Splenius Cervicis

▪Splenius Capitis

▪Levator Scapulae

Deep:

▪Suboccipital Group

Front 80

What are the Anterior Trunk Muscles?

Back 80

Abdominals:

▪Rectus Abdominis

▪Internal Oblique

▪External Oblique

▪Transverse Abdominus

Front 81

What are the Lateral Trunk Muscles?

Back 81

Quadratus Lumborum

Front 82

What are the Superficial Posterior Trunk Muscles?

Back 82

Lats and Scapular Muscles

Front 83

What are the Trunk Muscles that Span the Entire Posterior Spine?

Back 83

▪Erector Spinae Group (Most superficial)

▪Transversospinalis Group (Next deepest)

▪Interspinales and Intertransversarii (Deepest)

Front 84

Where in the Scalenes does the Brachial Plexus exit?

Back 84

Between the Anterior and Middle Scalene

Front 85

If the Scalenes is overly tight/hypertrophied, what will that cause?

Back 85

Compression of the Brachial Plexus

Front 86

What do Prevertebral Muscles do?

Back 86

Control posture and assist with Neck Flexion

Front 87

What are the Superficial Posterior Neck Muscles?

Back 87

▪Trapezius

▪Levator Scapulae

▪Splenius Cervicis

▪Splenius Capitis

Front 88

In Reverse Muscle Action, What do the Traps and Levator Scapulae do?

Back 88

Extend the head and Neck

Front 89

Where are the Deep Posterior Neck Muscles? What movements do they control as a group?

Back 89

▪C0 - C2

▪As a group they do Extension, Side Bending and Rotation of C0 - C2

Front 90

What are the Deep Posterior Neck Muscles? What is the Group called?

Back 90

Suboccipital Group:
▪Rectus Capitis Posterior Major
▪Rectus Capitis Posterior Minor
▪Obliquus Capitis Superior
▪Obliquus Capitis Inferior

Front 91

What are the Structures of the Rectus Abdominis?

Back 91

▪Rectus Abdominis Sheath

▪Linea Alba

▪Abdominal Aponeurosis

Front 92

What Abdominal Muscles do we use when we do a crunch?

Back 92

▪Rectus Abdominus (mostly)

▪Internal and External Obliques

Front 93

Which Abdominal Muscles do we use when doing resisted Right Rotation?

Back 93

▪Right Internal Oblique

▪Left External Oblique

Front 94

Which Abdominal Muscles do we use when doing resisted Right Side Bending?

Back 94

▪Right Internal Oblique

▪Right External Oblique

Front 95

What are the Roles of the Abdominal Muscles?

Back 95

▪Spinal Motion

▪Spinal Stability

▪Balance and Postural Control

▪Breathing (ventilation)

▪Support and Protect Viscera

Front 96

What are the Superficial Posterior Trunk Muscles?

Back 96

▪Thoracolumbar Fascia

▪Latissimus Dorsi

▪Trapezius

▪Rhomboids

▪Serratus Anterior

▪Rotator Cuff

Front 97

What is the Most Superficial Muscle Group that Span the Entire spine?

Back 97

Erector Spinae

Front 98

What do the Erector Spinae connect?

Back 98

It connects the Spinous Process with Transverse Processes and Ribs

Front 99

What are the Muscles of the Erector Spinae from Medial to Lateral?

Back 99

▪Spinalis

▪Longissimus

▪Iliocostalis

Front 100

What Motions do the Erector Spinae do Unilaterally and Bilaterally?

Back 100

Unilateral: Side Bend

Bilateral: Extension