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30 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Anterior Longitudinal Ligament
Location: anterior surface of the vertebral column
Span: from the sacrum up to the tubercle on the anterior arch of the atlas
Name changes:
between C1 and the and the anterior edge of the foramen magnum the ligament is called the anterior atlanto-axial
between C2 and C1 and the anterior atlanto-occipital
Special features: In the lumbar area this ligament becomes quite wide, supporting the lumbar spine from excessive lordosis
Posterior Longitudinal Ligament
Posterior Longitudinal Ligament

Location: posterior side of the vertebral bodies (that is the anterior side of the vertebral foramen)
Span: from the posterior side of the body of C2 all the way down the vertebral canal to the sacrum
Name changes: between C2 and the occiput it is called the tectorial membrane
Special features: sits anterior to the spinal cord
Ligamentum Nuchae (nuchal ligament)
Location: above (posterior to) the spinous processes
Span: from the occiput down to the spinous process of T1
Name changes: below the level of T1 the broad ligament dissappears and it is only the supraspinous ligament
Special features: serves as a point of attachment for many muscles of the cervical spine
ligamentum flavum
Location: runs segmetally from the top of one lamina to the bottom of the lamina above (posterior side of vertebral canal)
Span: axis to sacrum
Name changes: C2 to occiput it is the posterior atlanto-axial and posterior atlanto-occipital
Special features: It is colored yellow (flavum means yellow) due to its high content of elastin. Elastin allows the ligamentum flavum to stretch during forward bending but to recoil into its original length when the body returns upright
Supraspinous and interspinous ligaments
Location: above (supra) or between (intra) spinous processes
Span: from the sacrum up to the spinous process of T1
Name changes: above the level of T1 it becomes the broad ligamentum nuchae
Special features: none
Intertransverse ligaments
Location: between ajacent transverse processes
Span: entire vertebral column.
In the cervical region they consist of a few irregular, scattered fibers.
In the thoracic region they are rounded cords intimately connected with the deep muscles of the back
In the lumbar region they are thin and membranous.
Name changes: none
Special features: due to their close relationship to the center of motion, they serve more as points of muscle attachment than to restrict motion
Cruciform Ligament
The Cruciform Ligament consists of the transverse ligament and the longitudinal running portion
transverse ligament
The transverse ligament connects to the tubercles on the medial aspects of each lateral mass of the atlas. The ligament helps prevent the dens from dislocating into the vertebral canal, potentially damaging the spinal cord.
longitudinal running segmen
The longitudinal running segment is divided into the superior band and the inferior band.

The superior band spans from the posterior aspect of the dens or from the transverse ligament itself, upward to attach on the anterior edge of the foramen magnum.
The inferior band spans downward from the transverse ligament to attach on the body of the axis (C2)
Alar and Apical Ligaments
This small ligaments lie deep to the cruciform ligament and attach from the dens to the anterior aspect of the foramen magnum.

The two alar ligaments (arrows) are much larger than the tiny apical ligament. The alar ligaments span from the lateral sides of the dens to the inside lateral edge of the occipital condyles. The apical ligament is the very small ligament at the apex of the dens and attaches to the anterior rim of the foramen mangum.
Sub-Occipital Muscles
Sub-Occipital Muscles are the muscles found immediately below the occiput and the deepest layer of muscles in that area. There are four muscles in that group: two rectus capitis posterior muscles and two obliquous capitis muscles. The area referred to as the sub-occipital triangle is formed by three of the four muscles (the rectus capitis posterior minor is not included) and surrounds several structures of the area, including:
the posterior arch of the atlas
the vertebral artery
dorsal ramus of the C1 nerve
Just below the sub-occipital triangle one can find the greater occipital nerve which is a division of the dorsal ramus of C2 combining with a branch of the dorsal ramus of C1. It supplies the muscles of the sub-occipital region as well as the skin of the scalp.
Longus Muscles
Proximal attachment: basilar part of the occipital bone
Distal attchment: anterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the 3rd-5th cervical vertebrae
Longus colli
Longus colli (called longus cervicis in the Acland video) is comprised of three portions: superior oblique, inferior oblique and vertical intermediate portions.

Proximal attachment: anterior tubercle of the axis and the bodies of C2 to C4
Distal attchment: anterior surface of the bodies of C5-T4.
Anterior scalene
Proximal attachment: anterior tubercles of the transverse processes of C3-C6
Distal attachment: scalene tubercle of the first rib
Note that the subclavian artery lies between the anterior and middle scalene, while the subclavian vein is anterior to the anterior scalene.
Middle scalene
Proximal attachment: posterior tubercles of the transverse processes of C2-C7
Distal attachment: upper surface of the first rib just posterior to the groove for the subclavian artery.
Posterior scalene
Proximal attachment: posterior tubercles of the transverse processes of C4-C6 and attaches to the
Distal attachment: external border of the second rib
Semispinalis capitis
Proximal attachment: articular processes of C4-C7 and the transverse processes of T1-T6
Distal attachment: occiput along the superior nuchal line
Action: extension (bilateral contraction) or lateral flexion (unilateral contraction)
Nerve supply: ventral rami of the spinal nerves from each spinal segment the muscle crosses
Spinalis capitis
Proximal attachment: spinous processes of the upper cervical spine
Distal attachment: superior nuchal line along with semispinalis capitis.
Nerve supply: ventral rami of the spinal nerves from each spinal segment the muscle crosses
Splenius
Splenius cervicis: posterior tubercles of the C1-C4 transverse processes
Splenius capitis: mastoid process and the lateral third of the superior nuchal line of the occiput
Action: ipsilateral rotation of the head, extension if contracted bilaterally
Nerve supply: Dorsal primary rami C4 to T5
Trapezius
Trapezius (the cervical portion, the upper trapezius, is the only portion of the muscle acting on the head)

Proximal attachment: medial part of the superior nuchal line and the ligamentum nuchae
Distal attachment: lateral third of the clavicle and blends with the middle and lower fibers to insert on the medial aspect of the acromion and the inferior edge of the spine of the scapula
Action: elevates ipsilateral shoulder (shrug), unilateral flexion, extension of the head if working bilaterally
Nerve supply: accessory nerve (cranial nerve XI)
Sternomastoid (old name: sternocleidomastoid)
Proximal attachment: lateral surface of the mastoid process and lateral half of the superior nuchal line
Distal attachment: by two heads
sternal head: anterior surface of the manubrium of the sternum
clavicular head: superior surface of the medial third of the clavicle
Action: contralateral rotation of the head
Nerve supply: accessory nerve (cranial nerve XI)
Long and short rotator muscles
Proximal attachment: transverse processes of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebra (usually only fully developed in the thoracic region).
Distal attachment: :spinous processes of the vertebra
long rotatores: one level above origin
short rotatores to the spinous processes of the vertebra immediately above
Action: assists in contralateral rotation
Nerve supply: dorsi ramus of the nerve level(s) spanned by the muscle
Multifidus (plural = multifidi)
Proximal attachment: transverse process
Distal attachment: spinous process two to four levels above its point of origin
Action: assists in contralateral rotation
Nerve supply: dorsi ramus of the nerve level(s) spanned by the muscle
Semispinalis
Proximal attachment: transverse process
Distal attachment: spinous process above, skipping 4 to 6 levels from its point of origin.
Action: assists in contralateral rotation
Nerve supply: dorsi ramus of the nerve level(s) spanned by the muscle
Spinalis:
poorly developed throughout the spine it is found mostly in the thoracic level. In the cervical region it is sparce and in the capitis region it interdigitates with the semispinalis so that one cannot differentiate it.

Proximal attachment: spinous process
Distal attachment: spinous process
Action: bilateral contraction: assists in extension of the trunk; unilateral contraction: assists in lateral flexion of the trunk
Nerve supply: dorsi ramus of the nerve level(s) spanned by the muscle
Longissimus:
Long, running from the lower thoracic all the way up to the occiput

Proximal attachment: generally, from transverse proceses to transverse processes
Distal attachment: in three sections:
thoracis: from iliolumbar fascia and transverse processes in the lower thoracic area to the transverse processes of upper thoracic vertebrae and a slip to the adjacent ribs
cervicis: from the upper thoracic transverse processes to the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae
capitis: from the cervical transverse process to the occipit lateral on the nuchal line
Action: bilateral contraction: extension of the trunk or head and neck; unilateral contraction: lateral flexion of the trunk or head and neck
Nerve supply: dorsi ramus of the nerve level(s) spanned by the muscle
Iliocostalis
The most lateral of the 3 erector spinae muscles

Proximal attachment: generally, from ribs to ribs
Distal attachment: in three sections
lumborum: from the iliolumbar fascia to the lower six ribs
thoracis: from lower six ribs to upper six ribs
cervicis: from the upper six ribs to the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae
Action: bilateral contraction: extension of the trunk; unilateral contraction: lateral flexion of the trunk
Nerve supply: dorsi ramus of the nerve level(s) spanned by the muscle
Quadratus lumborum
Proximal attachment: twelfth rib and transverse processes of the upper three lumbar vertebrae
Distal attachment : crest of the ilium and transverse process of L5
Action: raises the pelvis if the limb is off the ground, or laterally flexes the trunk if the limb is in contact with the ground
Innervation: anterior branches of T12 and L1-4
Psoas major
Proximal attachment: transverse processes, vertebral bodies, and interposed intervertebral disks from T12 to L5
Distal attachment: conjoined with iliacus, on the lesser trochanter of the femur after passing beneath the inguinal ligament
Innervation: anterior branches of L2-4
Iliacus
Proximal attachment: iliac fossa on the wing of the ilium.
Distal attachment: joins with the psoas major as stated above. The iliacus fascia is covered by the abdominal peritoneum.
Innervation: femoral nerve (L2-4)
Action: both the iliacus and psoas major (iliopsoas when joined) are very strong hip flexors