The Sociological Perspective

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Sociology

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The systematic study of the relationship between individuals and society

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Sociological perspective/Sociological Imagination

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To see and understand the connections between individuals and the broader social contexts in which they live

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C.Wright Mills

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Social Sciences

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A group of research-based disciplines that gather and evaluate evidence in order to study human society

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Modernity

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characterized by the growth of democracy and personal freedom, increased reliance on reason and science to explain the natural and social worlds, and a shift towards an urban industry economy

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1700's European society

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Science

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The open and free inquiry acquired for science which uses logic and the systematic collection of evidence support knowledge claims

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Enlightenment

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An eighteenth-century intellectual movement that combined the belief in individual freedom and respect for individual rights with the calculated logic of the natural sciences

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anomie

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Social normlessness without moral guidance or standards

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Collective conscience

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The shared values of society

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Conflict theories

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Social theories that focus on issues of contention, power, and inequality, highlighting the competition for scarce resources

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Culture

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The collection of values,beliefs, knowledge,norms, language, behaviors,and material objects shared by a people and socially transmitted from generation to generation

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Division of labor

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The way people specialize in different tasks requiring specific skills

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Dysfunctional

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Inhibiting or disrupting the working of the system as a whole

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Functionalist theories

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Theories that focus on consensus and cooperative interaction in social life, emphasizing how different elements that make up a society's structure contribute to the overall operation. often referred to Simply as functionalist theories or functionalism

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Industrialization

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The use of large-scale machinery for the mass manufacturer of consumer goods

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Latent functions

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The largely unrecognized and unintended consequences of social phenomena

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Macro level of analysis

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Focus on large-scale social systems and processes with such as economy, politics, and population trends

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Manifest functions

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The recognized and intended consequences of social phenomena

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Meso Level of analysis

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A focus somewhere between very large and very small social phenomenon -on organization or institutions for example

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Micro level analysis

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A focus on small-scale usually face-to-face social interaction

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Modernity

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A historical era beginning in the 1700's characterized by the growth of democracy and personal freedom, increased reliance on reason and science to explain the natural and social worlds, and shift towards an urban industrial economy

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Positivism

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A belief that accurate knowledge must be based on scientific method

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Postmodernity

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A historical period beginning in the mid-twentieth century characterized by the rise of information-based economies and the fragmentation of political beliefs and ways of knowing

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Power

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The ability to bring in about an intended outcome,even when opposed by others

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Rationalization of society

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The long-term historical process by which rationality replace tradition as a basis for organizing social and economic life

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Structure

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The recurring patterns of behavior in social life

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Urbanization

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The growth of cities

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Symbolic interactionist theories

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Social theories that focus on how people use their shared symbols and construct society as a result of their everyday interactions

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Consumerism

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A way of life that depends on the purchase and use of commercial goods and services

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Capitalism

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An economic system in which the machinery used for production is owned privately, workers are paid a wage, and markets facilitate the exchange of goods and services

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Social Darwinism

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Survival of the fittest

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Herbert Spencer

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Social dynamics

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How and why do societies change? and what is the basis of social stability at a specific historical moment

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Organic solidarity

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A new form of social cohesion characterized of modern industrial societies, that is based on interdependence

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Durkheim

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Objective conditions

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Are the material aspects of social life including the physical environment, social networks, and social institutions

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Subject dimension

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Involves the world of ideas, including our sense of self self, social norms, values, and belief systems

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Conflict

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Tensions and disputes in society, often resulting from unequal distribution of scarce resources which can contribute to social change

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Consensus

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Solidarity in cooperative interaction, often due to share values and interests, which can contribute to social stability

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Postmodernism

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Highlighted how shared meanings and assumptions about the world have fragmented,as different groups in society come to understand social reality differently

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Recent theories

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Rational Choice Theory

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A sort of emonomic analysis, suggesting that social interaction can be understood as exchanges between rational individuals

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Queer Theory

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Challenges the stability of basic identity categories- such as straight or gay, male or female- highlighting the fluidity and complexity of identity in contemporary society

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Feminist- standpoint theory

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Emphasizing that all knowledge is constructed from a particular perspective and that women's different experiences need to be included to produce and accurate understanding of social life

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Gender equality

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Symbolic Interactionism

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A process by which individuals create culture, as when people redefine family to incorporate a broader range of relationships