The Senses Chap 9

Front 1

describe the general senses:

Back 1

Touch+ Pressure (mechanoreceptors/free nerve ending+meissners + pacinian corpuscles) Proprioreceptors(mechanoreceptors/x sense of position or orientation including Golgi tendon organs +muscle spindles)Temperature(thermoreceptors/free nerve ending/sensitive to heat-cold) Pain(nocireceptors/freen enrve endings/stimulated by tissue damage)

Front 2

type of sense that changes in chemical concentration of substances)like tast+smell/

Back 2

chemoreceptors

Front 3

type of sense that changes in pressure or movements in fluids like proprioreceptos in joint, for hearing

Back 3

mechanoreceptors

Front 4

type of sense that responds to tissue damage

Back 4

nocireceptors (pain receptors)

Front 5

type of sense that reacts to change in temperature

Back 5

thermoreceptors (heats-cold)

Front 6

type of sense that reacts with light energy

Back 6

photoreceptors (vision)

Front 7

when a particular odor becomes unnoticed after a short period of time this is

Back 7

sensory adaptation ocurrs when a continued stimulus decreases the sensitivy of the receptors

Front 8

distinguish between general senses + special senses

Back 8

receptors x general senses are widely distributed in the body + receptors x special senses are localized

Front 9

classifiy sense receptors into 5 groups

Back 9

chemoreceptors-mechanoreceptors=nocireceptors=photoreceptors-thermoreceptors

Front 10

locate the 4 different taste sensations

Back 10

sweet(tip of tongue)-salty(anterior sides of tongue)-sour(posterior side of tongue)-bitter(back of tongue)

Front 11

describe pathway of gustatory sense from stimulus to cerebral cortex

Back 11

impulses x taste are transmitted along to facial nerve or the glossopharyngeal nerve to the sensory cortex of parietal lobe

Front 12

what are the organs x taste

Back 12

receptors x taste are chemoreceptors located in taste buds

Front 13

are pain receptors in the brain?

Back 13

there are not pain receptors on the nervous tissue of brain. headaches are a referred type of pain

Front 14

why is taste considered a special sense + temperature a general sense

Back 14

taste is localizes - temperature you can feel in any part of the body(is general)

Front 15

what are the most sensitive receptors x touch + where are they located?

Back 15

free nerve endings interspersed between epithelial cells of skin

Front 16

damage to the facial +/or glossopharyngeal nerves will interfere with which special sense?

Back 16

taste

Front 17

what 2 special senses are detected by chemoreceptor?

Back 17

taste + smell

Front 18

what are the taste receptors with highest degree of sensitivity?

Back 18

are those that are stimulated by bitter substances

Front 19

what is conjunctivitis?

Back 19

is an inflammation of the conjunctiva due to irritation, allergies or bacterial infections.

Front 20

what is the function of blinking

Back 20

blinking stimulates lacrimal glands to secrete a sterile fluid or "tears" + helps move fluid across eyes

Front 21

what is the function of the pupil

Back 21

pupillary regulates the amount of light that enters the eye/also reflect interest or emotional state.

Front 22

locate the sense receptors x smell

Back 22

sense of smell is called olfaction/chemoreceptors/located in the olfactory epithelium of nasal cavity

Front 23

impulse pathway of olfactory sense to cerebral cortex

Back 23

olfactory neurons enters the olfactory bulb/impulses are transmitted along the olfactory tracts to the olfactory cortex in the temporal lobe

Front 24

what is color blindness

Back 24

it happens because there is an absence or deficiency of 1 or more visual pigments i nthe conex.

Front 25

why is it important that images of objects being examined x fine detail fall on the fovea centralis?

Back 25

fovea centralis is the area of sharpest vision because it has the highest concentration of cones

Front 26

why is the optic dis called the blind spot?

Back 26

there are no photoreceptors in the region of the optic disk

Front 27

what structure in the eye accomodates x close vision by adjusting the amoun of refraction?

Back 27

lens

Front 28

describe the structure of eye

Back 28

protective features: bony orbit+eyebrows+eyelids+eyelashes. Outermost or fibrous tunic layer Middle layer or vascular and innermost layer or nervous tunic

Front 29

Significance of each structural layer of the eye

Back 29

fibrous tunic: sclera+ cornea (shape of eye)/ vascular tunic:choroid (absorbs excess light rays),ciliary body (change shape of lens),iris(regulates size of pupil)/ nervous tunic: retina(contains the receptors cells)

Front 30

explain how light focuses in the retina

Back 30

refraction is the bending of light rays as they travel between substances of different optical densities. the refractive media in the eye are:cornea,aqueous humor, lens+vitreous humor

Front 31

identify the photoreceptors cells in the retina

Back 31

rods + cones

Front 32

describe mechanism by which nerve impulses are triggered in response to light

Back 32

rods contain rhodopsin which breaks down into opsin + retinal when it is exposed to light.this reaction triggers a nerve impulse

Front 33

trace the visual impulse to the visual cortex

Back 33

visual impulses triggered by rods +cones travel on the optic nerve to optic chiasma. from there the impulses travel on the optic tracts to the thalamus.from there, impulses travel on optic radiations to the visual cortex in the occipital lobe.

Front 34

what is otitis media

Back 34

an ifection of the middle ear.usually starts in the throats and spreads through auditory tube ino middle ear

Front 35

what is otosclerosis

Back 35

ear disorder in which spongy bone grows around the oval window + fuses withthe stapes.results:conduction deafness

Front 36

anything that intereferes with movement of the malleus,incus +stapes impairs hearing. why?

Back 36

because ossicles transmit the sound vibration from tympanic membrane through middle ear, to the inner ear where receptors are located

Front 37

which portion of the cochlea is sensitive to high frequency sounds?

Back 37

base of cochlea near the oval window

Front 38

identify 2 locations x equilibrum receptors

Back 38

within the membranous labyrinth of the vestibule + semicircular canals.

Front 39

AD

Back 39

RIGHT EAR(AURIS dexter)

Front 40

AMD

Back 40

age related macular degeneration

Front 41

AOM

Back 41

acute otitis media

Front 42

AS

Back 42

left ear (auris sinister)

Front 43

aq

Back 43

aqueous, water

Front 44

BOM

Back 44

bilateral otitis media

Front 45

db

Back 45

decibel

Front 46

DVA

Back 46

distance visual acuity

Front 47

EENT

Back 47

eye,ear,nose,throat

Front 48

ENT

Back 48

war,nose,throat

Front 49

EOM

Back 49

extraocular movement

Front 50

ETF

Back 50

eustachian tube infection

Front 51

ME

Back 51

middle ear

Front 52

OD

Back 52

right eye (oculus dexter

Front 53

OS

Back 53

left eye (oculus sinister)

Front 54

REM

Back 54

rapid eye movement

Front 55

describe structure of ear

Back 55

outer(external ear)includes:auricle+external auditory meatus. ends at tympanic membrane/ middle ear:auditory ossicles(malleus,incus,stapes)/inner ear(cochlea,semicircular canals,vestibule)

Front 56

describe sequence of events in the initiation of auditory impulses

Back 56

sound waves cause vibration of the tympanic membrane/ auditory ossicles transmit it through middle ear to the oval window/movement of the oval window passes vibrations to the perilymph in scala vestibuli and scala tympani in inner ear.as basilar membrane moves up+down, hairs on hair cells of organ of Corti rub against tectorial membrane/mechanical deformation of the haors triggers the nerve impulses.

Front 57

trace auditory impulses to the auditory cortex

Back 57

craneal nerve VIII transmits auditory impulses to the medulla oblingata.from there, impulses travels to the thalamus and then to the auditory cortex of the temporal lobe.

Front 58

components of the sense of equilibrum

Back 58

static equilibrum +dynamic equilibrum

Front 59

what is static equilibrum

Back 59

occurs when head is motionless.organ of static equilibrum is the macula located within utricule+saccule(membranous labyrinth

Front 60

what is dynamic equilibrum

Back 60

is the motion and occurs when head is moving. their receptors are located in the crista ampullaris within the ampullae at the base of the semicircular canals.