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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Psychology is...
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Study of human and animal behavior
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Psychology Personal does...
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Study and work in different areas
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Psychiatrist a ______ degree, and can also __________
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MD & PHD (ability to prescribe drugs)
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Psychologist has a _____ degree
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PHD
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Psychoanalyst has a ______ degree
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PHD
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Mental Health councilor has a _______ degree
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MA or MS
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Social Worker has a _____ degree
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MSW
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Guidance Councilor is...
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Therapist in school
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Psychotherapist has a ___ degree and.....
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PHD practice in the mental health field, and has the ability to supply medication
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Methodology is used to...
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To help decide between fact and fiction
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Individual case study
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Simplest and most direct; one individual studied intensively. Difficult to generalize from. Used to study abnormal behavior
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Naturalistic Observation
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systematic method for observing and recording events as they naturally occur in the real world; To observe behavior with out influence it; used when ethics prevent creation of ____ used when manipulations would destroy and used with animals and pier interactions.
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Test
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exist for everything ; they can be general or specific
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Surveys-
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To determine general opinion on a specific issue ; written
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Interviews
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One to one ; in person ; can be free-floating or structure used in case study methods
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Correlation coefficient
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Statistic; numerical value
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Correlation-
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Shows the degree of relationship between two or more variables
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Three types of Correlation
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• Positive Correlation-
• Negative Correlation • Zero Correlation- (nada) |
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Positive Correlation-
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Two variables are related; both are going in the same direction
Ex the more you drive your car, the more gas you will need |
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Negative Correlation
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Two variables related; both are in opposite directions
Ex the more you drive your car, the less gas you have |
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Correlation does not mean cause and effect.....
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only means there is a relationship.
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Experimental Method
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only way to prove cause and effect can manipulate and control variables; change one at a time all else held constant; in the laboratory
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Independent variable
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the one changed; manipulated
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Dependant variable
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performance
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Intervening variable
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- confound, interfere; do not want; must throw out experiment
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Null Hypothesis
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to be tested is stated as such; says the independent variable will have no effect on the dependant variable; stated as such to prevent bias.
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Subjects
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people being tested; need to be equal, unbiased; to achieve pick random, large numbers
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8 variables
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-race
-religion -gender -age -who raise -where raised -economy of family -education |
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Experimenter needs to be ...
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blind, unbiased
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Double Blind
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both subjects and experimenter are blind, unbiased
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Groups cannot know....
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which group is which
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Experimental group
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gets the independent variable and it’s changes
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Control group
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not given the independent variable, or given the placebo; used to see if there are intervening variables.
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Placebo-
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Any kind of treatment can cause a change; fake pill so all conditions will be kept equal; given to control subject blind to what or which they get.
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When the independent variable is changed and the dependant variable changes- 1 group changes, what happends ?
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cause and effect
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When the independent variable is changed and the dependant variable does not change-0 group changes , what happends?
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no cause and effect
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When the independent variable changes and the dependant variable changes in both groups-2 groups change, what happends?
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intervening variables; confounded; start over
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Basic Goals of Psychology
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1) To measure and describe
2) To predict and control 3) To understand and explain |
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Each measuring device must have:
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Validity
Reliability |
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Validity
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measure what it’s supposed to measure (ex: driving test, then get licenses)
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Observation->__________(opinion) ->tested->_______ (conclusion)
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Hypothesis
Theories |
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Primary aim of psychology is
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is behavior change for the majority of the people
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Hypothesis
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have yet to be proved
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Theories
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organized many facts into a general statement
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A Psychotherapist effects....
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many lives; more than just their clients themselves
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Ethics
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Protect from undesirable effects
Protect confidentially No labeling Will not use learning against the person Will fully disclosed purpose and procedures Get informed voluntary consent Be fair Be objective Benefit the client |
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Borderline cases or conflicts of interest are always resolved in favor of
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the client
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Dorothy Dix
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went around spreading the idea of Humanity
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Scientific approach started in the 19th century, it lacked ....
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coherence and organization
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Shaman does...
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trepanning (cutting hole in hear to clear away evil spirits)
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Priests
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exorcism
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Philosophers
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helping people
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Structuralism
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- First major school from Wilhelm Wundt. He studied conscious experience used the method of introspection. Put the mind into it’s most basic parts.
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The mind has three basic elements.
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Sensations
Feelings- Images |
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Sensations
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- products of external stimulations
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Images
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sensations like ideas products by the mind
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Feelings-
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emotional components
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Limitations to structuralism
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1) Did not look into how and why
2) Only described, did not explain 3) Used private experience, not public 4) Not objective, not observable |
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Functionalism
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From W. James, J. Cattell, J. Dewey, E. Thorndike
Studied why and how the mind works. Influenced by Darwin. Mind is for adaptation to the environment Adopt through learning. Continuous stream of consciousness |
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Limitations to functionalism
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- No coherent general theory
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Behaviorism
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First American school of psychology. Founded by John Watson- 20th Century. First S-R (Stimulus Response)psychology. trying to break everything down.
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Stimuli
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- effect responses
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Responses=
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behaviors
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classical conditioning
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Ivan Pavlou
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All behavior can be reduced to
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stumulis respnce
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Gestalt Psychology
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Began in Germany – 20th Century founder - Max Wertheimer Gestalt - whole opposite of behaviorism. The whole is different (Greater) than the sum of it’s parts. Experience moments of insight. Problem - solving is all or none
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Gestalt Psychology
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Began in Germany – 20th Century founder - Max Wertheimer Gestalt - whole opposite of behaviorism. The whole is different (Greater) than the sum of it’s parts. Experience moments of insight. Problem - solving is all or none
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Psychoanalysis
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Founded by S. Freud – Controlled by impulses in the unconscious.
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Unconscious
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below the level of awareness, needs special methods to bring it up. Found
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preconscious=subconscious
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low level of awareness but you can bring it up yourself.
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ID
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Biological impulses- unconscious, pleasures, seeking
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Ego
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Keeps the peace, reality oriented, part conscious, part unconscious and defence mechanism. lies and deceptions to yourself and others.
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Superego
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Idealistic, conscious, conscience and ideal self, developed at 5 yrs through identification
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Information Process Perspectives
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Human is an active information processor
Human receives sensory information Human converts it into mental form Human stores it for future use Very important view today |
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Mechanistic View
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We are unable to control our fate
We are passive We are totally affected by S-R We are a machine |
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Humanistic View
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From Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers, Fritz Perls
We are active and unique We can determine our own fate We have free will We have reason and intuition |
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General Statements
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Psychology is in it’s infancy
It is only about 110 years old It is growing rapidly Still a baby, gets picked on Not respected |
