The Rest Of Chapter 10!

Front 1

sacraments

Back 1

a sacred rite. in the catholic tradition, the administration of the sacraments is considered necessary for salvation.

This system was the foundation on the practices of medieval piety rested

baptism, confirmation, confession (or penance), communion, marriage, extreme unction (last rites for the dying), and ordination (for priests).

Front 2

new forms of partnership and the development of insurance contracts

Back 2

helped to minimize the risks associated with long-distance trading

Front 3

double entry bookkeeping

Back 3

gave merchants a much clearer picture of their profits and losses by ensuring that both credits and debits were clearly laid out in parallel columns, a practice that facilitated the balancing of accounts

Front 4

the medicis

Back 4

established branches of their banks in each of the major cities of Europe and were careful that the failure of one would not bankrupt the entire firm

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written reciepts

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the direct ancestors of checks, money orders, and the currency transfer

Front 6

eyeglasses

Back 6

first invented in 1280s, perfected in 14th c., extended careers of those who made a living by reading, writing, and accounting.

Front 7

magnetic compass

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helped ships sail farther away from land, making longer-distance Atlantic voyages possible

Front 8

portolani

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speacial charts mapped locations of ports, took note of prevailing winds, potential routes, good harbors, and known perils

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clocks

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too large and expensive for private purchase, but towns vied with one another to install them in prominent public buildings, thus advertising municipal wealth and good governances

Effects: further stimulations of interest in complex machinery of all sorts, and regulation of daily life

Front 10

Babylonian captivity

Back 10

the period from 1309 - 1378, when papal authority was subjugated to the French crown and the papal court was moved from Rome to the French city of Avignon