The Respiratory System (Rs)

Front 1

what is the pri fn of the RS?

Back 1

ext resp (exchange of gases b/w air inhaled and blood flowing thru pulmonary capis

Front 2

given that there is ext resp, that must mean there is int resp too. what is int resp?

Back 2

exchange of gases b/w blood capis and cells & tissues of body

Front 3

what are the 4 sec fns of the RS?

Back 3

1 olfactory

2 thermoreg

3 phonation

4 acid-base balance

Front 4

OLFACTORY: where do the smell receptors reside?

Back 4

in patches of sensory epithelium in the nasal passages

Front 5

PHONATION: where does the process of phonation begin?

Back 5

larynx

Front 6

PHONATION: what are the 2 connective tissue bands in the larynx and which part of the larynx do they stretch across?

Back 6

vocal cords/vocal folds

they stretch across the lumen of the larynx

Front 7

PHONATION: what do the vocal cords do when air passes over them to produce sound?

Back 7

they vibrate

Front 8

PHONATION: which 5 structures in the animal can be used for resonance?

Back 8

1 thorax

2 nose

3 mouth

4 pharynx

5 sinuses

Front 9

THERMOREGULATION: what purpose do the superficial blood vessels under the epithelium of the nasal passages serve?

Back 9

they warm the inhaled air bef it reaches the lungs

Front 10

THERMOREGULATION: how do animals (esp dogs) thermoregulate during warm conditions?

Back 10

panting increases evap of fluid from mucous membranes lining resp passages and mouth --> cools blood circulation beneath membranes

Front 11

ACID-BASE BALANCE: how does the blood get acidified?

Back 11

CO2 in inhaled air reacts with H2O in blood to form H2CO3

Front 12

ACID-BASE BALANCE: how does the RS then balance out the acidity of the blood?

Back 12

it alters the CO2 content by adjusting the rate and vol of breathing

Front 13

what are the 5 structures in the upper resp tract?

Back 13

1 nose

2 paranasal sinuses

3 pharynx

4 larynx (voice box)

5 trachea (windpipe)

Front 14

what are the 3 structures in the lower resp tract?

Back 14

1 bronchi and bronchioles (b&b)

2 alveoli

3 lungs

Front 15

what are the two types of dead space in the RS?

Back 15

1 anatomical dead space

2 alveolar dead space

Front 16

after passing through the ext nares, inhaled air enters the nasal ___, which is divided into the nasal ___ by the nasal ___

Back 16

cavity

chambers

septum

Front 17

what is the rhinarium?

Back 17

a hairless pad of epidermis consisting of a thick layer of stratified squamous epithelium

Hint 17

impt words:

hai___ ___ of epi___

str___ squ___ epi___

Front 18

the rhinarium is h___ p___ and well supplied with ___ and ___ glands

Back 18

heavily pigmented

mucous and sweat

Front 19

what do the cilia on nasal epithelial cells do?

Back 19

trap particles, move them to caudal end of nasal cavity, passed to pharynx and swallowed

Front 20

the caudal parts of the nasal chamber are covered by a ___ epithelium with ___ ___ ___ that account for the sense of ___

Back 20

mucous

sensory nerve endings

smell

Front 21

how do the sensory nerve fibres reach the forebrain?

Back 21

they pass through the ethmoid bone

Front 22

where do the paranasal sinuses lie?

Back 22

within the facial bones

Front 23

the paranasal sinuses communicate with the nasal cavity through ___ ___

Back 23

narrow openings

Front 24

the paranasal sinuses also serve to ___ the skull and act as areas of ___ ___ and ___ ___

Back 24

lighten

heat exchange

mucus secretion

Front 25

what are the 2 groups of sinuses that most animals have and where are they located?

Back 25

2 frontal sinuses and 2 maxillary sinuses

frontal bone and maxillary bone

Front 26

although the oropharynx conducts food fr the mouth into the oesophagus, air can also enter the resp passage thru the mouth during "___ ___"

Back 26

mouth breathing

Front 27

state the 3 advantages of nasal breathing comp to mouth breathing

Back 27

1 humidifies air

2 warms air

3 filters air

Front 28

mouth breathing can occur during ___ ___ to enable a ___ ___ of air to enter the lungs

Back 28

strenuous exercise; greater vol

Front 29

state the fn of the larynx

Back 29

prevent anth else besides food fr entering trachea

Front 30

the larynx is suspended fr the skull by the ___ ___. the ___ and ___ of cartilage components of the larynx varies among ___

Back 30

hyoid apparatus; number; pattern; species

Front 31

name the most rostral of the cartilages of the larynx, and what type of cartilage it is made of

Back 31

the epiglottis is made out of elastic cartilage

Front 32

the epiglottis projects fr the ___ portion of the larynx, and its bluntly pointed tip is usu tucked behind the ___ ___ of the ___ ___ when the animal is ___

Back 32

Vt; Cd rim; soft palate; breathing

Front 33

when ___, the epiglottis is pulled back to cover the ___, thus keeping food out of the larynx and helps to direct it ___ to the oesophagus

Back 33

swallowing; glottis; Dsly

Front 34

a pair of ___ ___ or ___ ___ are found at the ___, and there are mscs to ctrl their ___, thus producing sounds of diff ___

Back 34

vocal cords or vocal ligaments; glottis; pitches

Front 35

how does an animal generate a cough?

Back 35

glottis closes, breathing mscs contract, compressing thorax. pressure built behind closed glottis. sudden opening of glottis causes forceful release of air resulting in a cough. aids to clear mucus and other matter fr lwr resp tract

Front 36

how does closure of the glottis aid in straining?

Back 36

glottis closed, applies pressure to thorax w breathing mscs -> stabilises thorax, allows abdo mscs to compress viscera when contracting

Front 37

without the closure of the glottis, what would happen during straining and coughing?

Back 37

contraction of the abdo mscs simply forces air out of the lungs

Front 38

the trachea extends down the length of the ___, passing thru the ___ ___ ___. in the ___ ___ it enters the ___ and terminates at a ___ that is ___ to the heart

Back 38

neck; Cr thoracic inlet; thoracic cavity; mediastinum; bifurcation; Ds

Front 39

the lumen of the trachea is kept open by a series of __-shaped ___ of ___ cartilage, which prevent the trachea fr ___ when thoracic pressure falls, but are flexible enough to allow ___ ___ down the ___ unimpeded and also allow movement of the ___

Back 39

C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage; collapsing; food boluses; oesophagus; neck

Front 40

the trachea is covered by a ___ ___ to trap foreign particles, and the ___ sweep them upwards to the ___ where they are spat out and swallowed

Back 40

mucous epithelium; cilia; pharynx

Front 41

the trachea then bifurcates into the L and R ___ entering each of the lungs, and they divide into progressively ___ ___ like a tree -> ___ ___

Back 41

bronchi; smaller branches; bronchial tree

Front 42

the ___ are supported by complete rings of ___, but as the branches become smaller, the cartilaginous supp gradually ___, then ___ ___

Back 42

bronchi; cartilage; diminishes; disappears completely

Front 43

here, the passages are called ___, which continue to branch into ___ ___ and then ___ ___ leading to ___

Back 43

bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli

Front 44

the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles contain ___ ___, that is able to ___ or ___ the ___ of the resp passages

Back 44

smooth msc, dilate or contract the lumen

Front 45

the alveolar ducts end as the ___ ___, which each consists of a lrg no. of ___, which are small, thin-walled sacs surrounded by ___ ___

Back 45

alveolar sacs, alveoli, capi networks

Front 46

name the thin layer of epithelium in the alveolus and state its fn

Back 46

pulmonary membrane, allows gaseous exchange w bld

Front 47

each lung is enclosed within a membrane called the ___ ___

Back 47

pulmonary pleura

Front 48

each lung has a well defined area on the ___ side called the ___ where ___, ___, ___ and ___ ___ enter and leave the lung

Back 48

medial; hilus; air, blood, lymph and nerve vessels

Front 49

name the only area of the lung to be attached to the body

Back 49

the hilus

Front 50

each pleural cavity is lined by the ___ which secretes a small amount of ___ fluid called ___ fluid to reduce the frxn bw the ___ ___ as the lungs move during resp

Back 50

pleura; serous; pleural; pleural surfaces

Front 51

define "anatomical dead space"

Back 51

the parts of the resp sys where air doesn't come into contact w alveoli (everything exc alveoli)

Front 52

define "alveolar dead space"

Back 52

areas in alveoli where air can take part in gaseous exchange but does not due to inadequate perfusion

Front 53

name the 3 sets of mscs resp for resp

Back 53

1 diaphragm

2 ext intercostals

3 int intercostals

Front 54

when the diaphragm contracts, the vol of the thoracic cavity ___

Back 54

increases

Front 55

when the ext intercostals contract, they ___ the ribs ___ and ___, thus ___ the vol of the thoracic cavity

Back 55

lift; upwards and outwards; increasing

Front 56

the int intercostals are usu passive, but when they contract, they ___ the vol of the thoracic cavity and ___ air ___ ___ the lungs

Back 56

decrease; force; out of

Front 57

what happens during insp?

Back 57

the diaphragm and ext intercostals contract> vol of thoracic cavity incr> pressure in pleural cavity falls> lungs pulled outwards> air is sucked into lungs

Front 58

what happens during exp?

Back 58

diaphragm and ext intercostals relax> vol of thoracic cavity decr> pressure in pleural cavity rises> lungs pulled inwards> air is pushed up and out of trachea