The Respiratory System

Front 1

What are the fxns of the respiratory system?

Back 1

Gas exachange, regulation of blood ph, voice production, olfaction, and protection

Front 2

What type of capillaries facillitate in external respiration (02 loading and CO2 unloading)?

Back 2

Pulmonary capillaries

Front 3

What type of capillaries facillitate in internal respiration (O2 unloading and CO2 loading)?

Back 3

Systemic capillaries

Front 4

What 3 bones make up the bridge of the nose?

Back 4

nasal, frontal, and maxillary bones

Front 5

What are the names for the nasal external openings?

Back 5

Nares

Front 6

What is the part of the nasal cavity that are openings into the pharynx?

Back 6

Choanae

Front 7

What is the anterior part of the nasal cavity just inside of each naris?

Back 7

Vestibule

Front 8

What are the hairs that filter particles from inspired air?

Back 8

Vibrissae

Front 9

What is the fxn of the paranasal sinuses?

Back 9

To warm and moisten inhaled air and lighten skull

Front 10

What forms the floor of the nasal cavity and the roof of the oral cavity?

Back 10

Hard palate

Front 11

What are the mucosal covered projections from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity?

Back 11

Conchae

Front 12

What is the fxn of the conchae?

Back 12

To increase air turbulance and increase mucosal surface area allowing inhaled debris to be trapped on mucus.

Front 13

What region of the pharynx is for air passage only?

Back 13

Nasopharynx

Front 14

What is the flap-like extension of the soft palate that prevents food ebtry into the nasal cavity?

Back 14

Uvula

Front 15

What region of the pharynx is the uvula located?

Back 15

Nasopharynx

Front 16

What region of the pharynx are the pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) located?

Back 16

Nasopharynx

Front 17

Which pharynx region(s)are a passageway for food and air?

Back 17

Oropharynx and Laryngopharynx

Front 18

Where are the lingual and palentine tonsils located?

Back 18

Oropharynx

Front 19

Which pharynx region is posterior to the epiglottis?

Back 19

Laryngopharynx

Front 20

What type of cartilage is the larynx made up of?

Back 20

Hyaline

Front 21

What type of cartilage is the epigolottis made up of?

Back 21

Elastic cartilage

Front 22

What are the 3 unpaired cartilage regions of the larynx?

Back 22

Thyroid, Cricoid, and Epiglottic

Front 23

What structure precents swallowed substances from entering the trachea?

Back 23

Epigottis

Front 24

What is makes up the base of the larynx?

Back 24

Cricoid

Front 25

What is also known as the Adam's Apple and the size is due to the amount of testosterone?

Back 25

Thyroid Cartilage

Front 26

What are the 3 paired regions of the larynx?

Back 26

Arytenoid, cuneiform, and corniculate

Front 27

What anchors the vocal cords?

Back 27

Arytenoid

Front 28

The primary bronchi are formed at which vertebrae?

Back 28

T 7

Front 29

The primary bronchi dividein to these bronchi and how many are there on each side?

Back 29

Socondary/lobar; 2 on left; 3 on right

Front 30

The secondary bronchi divide into what bronchi?

Back 30

Tertiary/segmental bronchi

Front 31

After the tertiary/segmental bronchi divide what are the divisions called?

Back 31

bronchioles

Front 32

What are the smallest air passages in the conducting zone?

Back 32

Terminal bronchioles

Front 33

The Respiratory Zone is defined by what?

Back 33

The presence of alveoli

Front 34

What are the 1st division of the respiratory zone?

Back 34

Respiratory bronchioles

Front 35

The respiratory bronchioles branch from what?

Back 35

Terminal bronchioles

Front 36

The respiratory bronchioles lead to the what?

Back 36

Alveolar ducts

Front 37

What are the terminal clusters that alveolar ducts end in?

Back 37

Alveolar sacs

Front 38

What is the purpose for alveolar sacs?

Back 38

Increases surface area for gas exchange

Front 39

Alveolar walls are formed of what 2 cell types?

Back 39

Type I and II pneumocytes

Front 40

What cells make up 90% of the alveolar surface of the alveolar walls?

Back 40

Type I pneumocytes

Front 41

What do Type II pneumocytes produce that help reduce surface tension in the alveoli?

Back 41

Pulmonary surfactant

Front 42

How many lobes of the lung are on the right? on left?

Back 42

3 and 2

Front 43

What is the smallest subdivision of a lung visible to the naked eye?

Back 43

Lung lobule

Front 44

What provides lubrication for breathing movements?

Back 44

Pleural fluid

Front 45

What type of membrane holds lungs in their own pleural cavity?

Back 45

Serous cavity

Front 46

What muscles are contracted during the process of inspiration causing the ribs to rise and move laterally?

Back 46

External intercostals

Front 47

What happens to your diaphragm as pulmonary volume increases?

Back 47

It moves inferiorly

Front 48

What is a passive process that depends on natural elasticity of lungs?

Back 48

Expiration

Front 49

Forced expiration involves contraction of what muscles?

Back 49

Internal intercostals and abdominal muscles

Front 50

The basic rhythm of breathing is established in which areas?

Back 50

Medulla oblongata and pons

Front 51

Where are the Dorsal and Ventral Respiratory Groups located?

Back 51

Medulla oblongata

Front 52

Which medullary center near the root of cranial nerve IX - glossopharyngeal?

Back 52

Dorsal Respiratory Group

Front 53

Which center sends APs to the diaphragm via the phrenic nerve and to the external intercostals via intercosal nerves?

Back 53

Dorsal Respiratory Group

Front 54

Does the Dorsal Respiratory Group cause you to inhale or exhale?

Back 54

Inhale

Front 55

What part of the medullary center extends from the psonal cord to the pons-medulla jxn?

Back 55

Ventral Respiratory Group

Front 56

What area is inactive during Eupnea?

Back 56

Ventral Respiratory Group

Front 57

When the VRG is activated which muscles are activated and via which nerves?

Back 57

Internal intercostals via intercostal nerves and abdominal muscles via abdominal nerves

Front 58

What is responsible for "fine tuning" action of the medullary center and "smooths out" transition from inhalation to exhalation?

Back 58

Pontile Centers

Front 59

What are the 2 types of the Pontile centers?

Back 59

Pneumotaxic center and apneusic center

Front 60

Which division of the pontile center limits the amount of time you are actually inhaling by sending inhibitory APs to the DRG, shutting off inspiratory neurons?

Back 60

Pneumotaxic center

Front 61

What pontile center is signaled to fire APs when lungs have reached its optimal filling capacity?

Back 61

Pneumotaxic Center

Front 62

Which pontile center is inactive during Eupnea?

Back 62

Apneustic Center

Front 63

Which pontile center gives a boost to inspiration when needed by shutting off the DRG?

Back 63

Apneustic Center

Front 64

Which medullary center involves the release of ACH?

Back 64

Dorsal Medullary Center

Front 65

What is the name of the process that involves pulmonary stretch receptors in the bronchioles and APs are send afferently when lungs being to surpass maximal filling capacity?

Back 65

Hering Breuer Reflex

Front 66

Which nerve sends inhibitory APs from the DRG to the diaphragm?

Back 66

Phrenic Nerve

Front 67

What is the protective reflex that prevents over inflation of the lungs?

Back 67

Hering Breuer Reflex

Front 68

What type of chemoreceptors are wekly sensitive to an increase in CO2 but highly sensitive to H+?

Back 68

Peripheral Chemoreceptors

Front 69

What is the dominant controlling response in ventilation?

Back 69

Central chemoreceptors

Front 70

What chemoreceptors are stimulated by O2 only if there is a severe decrease?

Back 70

Peripheral chemoreceptors

Front 71

Is the PO2 higher or lower in the systemic capillaries than in the tissue cells?

Back 71

higher

Front 72

Is the PCO2 higher in the pulmonary capillaries or in the systemic capillaries?

Back 72

Systemic capillaries

Front 73

Is the PCO2 higher in the pulmonary capillaries or in the alveoli?

Back 73

Pulmonary capillaries

Front 74

O2 loads up in which capillaries?

Back 74

Pulmonary capillaries

Front 75

Where does Hb unload O2?

Back 75

Tissues

Front 76

Does the bond strength b/w O2 and HB increase or decrease is CO2 levels in the tissue increase?

Back 76

Decrease

Front 77

What factors can cause a decrease in bond strength b/w O2 and Hb?

Back 77

High CO2, High H+, or high temp

Front 78

What is the condition that results in too few RBCs or RBCs are not containing adequate Hb levels?

Back 78

Anemic hypoxia

Front 79

What is the condition when there is decreased O2 delivery due to blood circulation to a buildup of scar tissue?

Back 79

Ischemic hypooxia

Front 80

What is the condition if tissue cells are unable to use O2 supplied to them but O2 delivery is normal?

Back 80

Histotoxic hypoxia

Front 81

Cyanide poising can lead to which oxygen impurement?

Back 81

Histotoxic hypoxia

Front 82

What is the condition when the alveolar PO2 is normal but the arterial PO2 is low due to a reduced Hb saturation?

Back 82

Hypoxic hypoxia

Front 83

Most of CO2 in your body is transported by what?

Back 83

Bicarbonate

Front 84

What is the condition that results low PCO2 and repiratory alkalosis?

Back 84

Hyperventilation

Front 85

What is the condition that results in high PCO2 and respiratory acidosis?

Back 85

Hypoventilation