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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Name and describe the location of both the male and female gonads.
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Male gonads: the testes
Female gonads: the ovaries |
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What are the male and female gametes called?
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Male - sperm
Female - ova (singular = ovum) |
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what are the male and female sex hormones?
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male - androgens; mainly testosterone
female - estrogens; progesterone |
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Describe the structure and function of the scrotum.
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Sac of skin and superficial fascia enclosing testes; suspended @ root of penis; divided by raphe @ midline; dartos muscle and cremaster muscles help control/warm the testes
Function: temp is 2-3C lower than core body temp, ensuring normal sperm develpment |
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Describe the structure of the testis.
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- surrounded by 2 tunics: tunica vaginalis (outer serous membrane); tunica albuginea (fibrous capsule of dense irregular CT that divides testis into lobules)
- each lobule contains 1-4 seminiferous tubules - 2 types of cells in tubules: spermatogenic and sutenacular/sertoli - the supporting cells - interstitial cells/leydig cells in areolar CT around seminiferous tubules -secrete testosterone - spermatic cord with blood, nerve and lymph supply in CT bundle - seminiferous tubules - straight tubule - rete testis - efferent ductules - epididymis - then sperm get out into urethra |
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Describe the location and general function of each of the following testicular cells:spermatogenic cells (spermatogonia)...
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- found in seminiferous tubules
- give rise to sperm - stimulated by the testosterone secreted by interstitial cells |
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Describe the location and general function of each of the following testicular cells: sustenacular cells (Sertoli cells).
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- found in seminiferous tubules
- surround, support and isolate the spermatogenic cells - form blood-testis barrier; stem cells have self-recognition markers, but haploid cells don't - secretes inhibin and ABP; regulates release of sperm into lumen - mediate affects of regulating hormones - phagocytize excess cytoplasmic material off sperm - nourishment; protection; barrier |
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Describe the location and general function of each of the following testicular cells: interstitial cells (Leydig cells).
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- found in areolar CT which surrounds the seminiferous tubules
- secretes testosterone; stimulates spermatogenesis |
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Describe the general structure and function of the penis.
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- divided into 3 regions: root, body/shaft, glans penis
- prepuce surrounds gland penis - internally, penis has urethra and 3 colums of erectile tissue (corpus spongiosum around urethra), 2 corpora cavernosa from crura of penis out - crus are attatched to ramus of ischium/pubis |
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What is the function of hte epididymis?
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- absorbs excess testicular fluid, degrades degenerate sperm, secretes nutrients for developing sperm
- sperm go through efferent ductules into epididymis - has stereocilia - long microvilli that aren't motile but inc. surface area - takes 18-20 days for sperm to get through this area, while they mature |
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Identify the male accessory sex glands.
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- seminal vesicles - paired organs along posterior wall of bladder
- prostate gland - single gland encircles urethra just inferior to bladder - bulbourethral glands - pea shaped; lie w/in urogenital diaphragm |
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Describe the secretions of each of the male accessory sex glands.
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Seminal vesicles - alkaline, viscous fluid w/fructose (fuel for sperm ATP), Prostaglandins (turn on sperm motility and enhance viability, decrease viscosity), clotting proteins (cause semen to coagulate initially after ejaculation so the sperm don't leak back out of the female reproductive tract)
- Prostate - milky, slightly acidic fluid w/citrate (sperm use it in citric acid cycle to make ATP), and enzymes (PSA/protein specific antigen); 25-30% of secretions - bulbourethral - thick/mucosy (for lubrication) alkaline fluid (to neutralize acids present in urethra b4 sperm shoot through; secrete when sexual arousal first occurs |
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Describe the composition of semen.
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- mix of sperm and seminal fluid
- secretions of seminiferous tubules and accessor glands - fluid for sperm to swim in - dilutes sperm conc. (<20 million sperm/mL = infertile) so they have room to swim - antibiotic that destroys bacteria present in vagina |
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List in order and describe the major steps in spermatogenesis. Your answer should make reference to steps involving mitosis, meiosis I, or meiosis II; and also make reference to primary spermatocytes; secondary spermatocytes; spermatids; sperm.
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- spermatogenic cells undergo cell division to make sperm cells
- the most immature spermatogenic cells = spermatogonia, next to basement membrane (towards lumen = more mature) - triggered by high levels of androgens during puberty - cells formed during mitosis become either Type A (stay @ basement layer and do mitosis) or type B (enlarge and differentiate into Primary spermatocytes) - these move into meiosis I - secondary spermatocytes - 2 daughter cells have cytoplasmic bridge b/w them - Miosis II - 4 spermatids produced; much smaller, still with bridges connecting them - spermiogenesis = final stage - spermatids mature into sperm (golgi apparatis packages enzymes @ head, centrioles form basal body @ other end for flagellum) |
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Distinguish between spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis.
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- Spermatogenesis = the production of haploid sperm cells, occuring in the seminiferous tubules (startes with spermatogenic cells and ends with sperm)
- spermiogenesis - final stage of spermatogenesis;stage when spermatids mature into sperm; (golgi apparatis packages enzymes @ head, centrioles form basal body @ other end for flagellum) |
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Describe the structure of a mature sperm cell, and tell how each part of the sperm contributes to its overall function.
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- head: nuclear material (DNA); acrosome at tip (lysosome like structure that has enzymes to break down the oocyte membrane)
- midpiece - mitochondria to provide ATP for locomotion (they wrap around flagellum in a spiral) - Tail - a flagellum; moves sperm at 1-4 mm/min |
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Name (in order) the ducts through which a sperm travels as it moves from the testis to the body exterior.
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- seminiferous tubules
- straight tubule - rete testis - efferent ductules - epididymis - vas/ductus deferens - ejaculatory ducts - urethra |
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The following hormones are involved in regulating male reproductive function. Describe the effects of each hormone and identify the cells that secrete the hormone: follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) - also known as interstitial-cell stimulating hormone (ICSH), androgen-binding protein (ABP), gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), inhibin, testosterone.
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- GnRH - secreted by the hypothalamus; goes by hypophyseal portal system to anterior pituitary and stimulates it to secrete FSH and LH
- FSH - secreted by ant. pit. and stimulates sustenacular cells to secrete ABP - ABP - secreted by sustenacular cells and stimulates spermatogenic cells to bind to/concentrate testosterone in the area LH - secreted by ant. pit; stimulates interstitial cells to secrete test. Inhibin - high sperm counts cause sustenacular cells to secrete inhibin; inhibits GnRH and FSH secretion; part of negative feedback Testosterone - secreted by interstitial cells; has many affects; targets spermatogenesis, ducts, glands and penis; boosts metabolic rate/protein synthesis, behavior/libido; spermatogenesis |
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Explain how testosterone secretion is regulated after puberty, with mention of GnRH, FSH and ICSH/LH, inhibin, and feedback inhibition.
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- GnRH from Hypothalamus stimulates ant. pit.
- ant. pit. secretes LH and FSH - LH stimulates interstitial cells to secrete testosterone and FSH stimulates sustenacular cells to secrete ABP which concentrates it) - when sperm count high, inhibin from sustenacular cells inhibits hyp and ant pit so less GnRH and FSH - the threshold for neg. feedback increases throughout puberty - more testosterone in body |
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What are the male secondary sex characteristics?
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- appearance of pubic, axillary and facial hair and enhanced chest hair growth
- deepening of voice - thickening of skin and increased sebaceous gland activity - growth spurt/growth pattern resulting in wide shoulders/narrow hips - inc skeletal musc. - inc. bone growth and density |
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Explain the mechanism that produces an erection of the penis.
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- engorgement and stiffening of the penis b/c erectile bodies engorge with blood (corpora cavernosa + spongiosum)
- a parasympathetic reflex - causes release of Nitric oxide (NO); vasodilation of local blood vessels - erectile bodies fill with blood, surrounded by dense fibrous capsule, so press builds up compresses venules, so blood backs up and engorges penis - note - normally arterioles are constricted |
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Explain the role of the parasymathetic an ssympathetic divisions of the ANS in producing the male sexual response (ie. erection and ejaculation).
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- PNS reflex causes nitric oxide release = vasodilation of blood vessels in erectile bodies; as pressure builds in penis, the venules are compressed, so blood backs up and engorges the penis
- PNS reflex also causes secretion of bulbourethral glands - lubrication of glans penis and neutralization of acids in urethra - ejaculation under sympathetic control - threshold level of stimulation causes discharge -- response causes stron peristalsis in reproductive ducts/accessory glands; constriction of bladder sphincters; series of rapid/powerful contractions of smooth musc in penis - also widespread effects - in BP, HR, musc. contraction - orgasm followed by relaxation and vasoconstriction of arterioles and dilation of venules - refractory period in males |
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Describe the general structure of an ovary.
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Ovary:
- held in place by ovarian ligament, mesovarium and suspensory ligament (both part of broad) (sus. contains major blood vessels and nerves) - enclosed by tunica albuginea, covered by layer of cuboidal ET - gametes made in outer cortex of ovary - inner stroma/medula has large blood vessels and n. |
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Describe the general structure of an ovarian follicle.
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- oocyte surrounded by 1+ layers of cells (ET cells)
- embedded in cortex of ovary - has more than one follicle, all in various stages of development. |
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Explain the difference between follicular cells and granulosa cells.
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Follicular - when the surrounding cells around the oocyte form a single layer
- Granulosa - when more than one cell layer is present around oocyte; occurs as follicle develops |
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Distinguish between the following in terms of structure and stage of development: primordial follicle; primary follicle; secondary follicle; mature (Graafian follicle); corpus luteum.
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- primordial follicle - immature oocute surrounded by one layer of flattened follicle cells (squamous like)
- Primary - 2+ layers of cuboidal or columnar shaped granulosa cells surround oocyte - secondary follicle - fluid-filled pockets are present b/w the layers of granulosa cells - Mature - fluid filled cavity is very large(bulges from the surface of ovary; all the little pockets have merged); ovulation occurs when mature follicle ruptures ejecting oocyte - corpus luteum - after ovulation, ruptured follicle transforms into this - i think it secretes different hormones |
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In what stage of meiosis are primary oocytes at birth?
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- oogonia/primary oocyte formation ends by the time of birth
- they are paused in prophase 1 |
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What is ovulation?
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- occurs on day 14 of a typical cycle
- caused by a surge in LH - the high levels of estrogens during the last part of the follicular phase exert a positive feedback effect on LH and GnRH - causes a surge in LH secretion - LH surge causes ovulation and formation of the corpus luteum - ovulation occurs when mature follicle ruptures ejecting oocute |
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How does the uterine tue participate in helping to move the oocyte toward the uterus?
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- the fimbriae are cilliated, finger like projections off the infundibulum that create currents in the fluid @ ovulation
- peristaltic contractions - action of cilia |
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Name in order (outermost to innermost) the three tissue layers of the uterine wall.
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- Perimetrium (visceral peritoneum) - the most external; contains serosa
- Myometrium - thickest; 3 interlocking layers of smooth muscle, thickens as we move towards cervix; pushes the baby out - Engometrium - highly vascularized mucosa where the fertilized egg implants; consists of simple columnar ET with an underlying lamina propria; 2 layers/strata (Stratum functionalis - closest to lumen, the part that bleeds out and grows again; stratum basalis - permanent layer of endometrium; doesn't change in response to ovarian hormones; function is to give rise to the functionalis) |
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Name the two strata of the endometrium. Which of these two layers undergoas cyclic growth and sloughing off in response to changing blood levels of ovarian hormones?
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2 layers/strata (Stratum functionalis - closest to lumen, the part that bleeds out and grows again; stratum basalis - permanent layer of endometrium; doesn't change in response to ovarian hormones; function is to give rise to the functionalis)
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which of the two strata of the uterus undergoes growth and degeneration during the menstrual cycle?
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- the stratum functionalis
- NOT the stratum basalis - it gives rise to the functionalis, but itsn't affected by hormones |
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Describe the female external genitalia.
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- the "vulva"
- mons pubis - the fatty area covered in pubic hair over the pubic symphysis - labia majora - homologous to the scrotum in males; has hair; fatty - labia minora - inner, thin; hairless - clitoris - homologous to the penis in males; erectile tissue (cavernosa but not spongiosum); erect during tactile stimulation - vestibule - homologous to corporous spongiosum; region surrounding vaginal and external urethral orifices b/w minora (ducts open into vestibule: paraurethral glands, greater vestibular glands, lesser vestibular glands) |
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Describe in order (beginning at the external body surface) the structures through which sperm pass as they make their way toward a waiting oocyte.
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- penis goes through vestibule
- through vagina - Uterus: cervix (external os, internal os) - the body of the uterus - the uterine tubes: through the isthmus, and fertilization usually takes place in the ampulla |
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Describe the general structure and function of the mammary glands of the breasts.
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- contained w/in a breast
- over pectoralis major, intercostals and serratus anterior, attatched to layer of deep fascia - central part has nipple and areola - internally, many lobes radiate around nipple with supporting suspensory ligaments b/w them - lobules w/in each lobe - contain alveoli (clusters of milk-secreting glands) - milk's pathway:alveoli - secondary ducts - mammary ducts - lactiferous sinus (where it accumulates) - lactiferous ducts |
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What is the role of sperm penetration in the development of an ovum?
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- ovum has been arrested in metaphase II
- if sperm penetrates, it rapidly completes meiosis II yeilding an ovum and a second polar body, which rapidly deteriorates - now we have a zygote (2n) |
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What is the significance of the unequal distribution of cytoplasm during oogenesis which results in the formation of polar bodies?
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since the sperm doesn't have anything, the egg needs to be able to provide all of it
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Identify and describe the three major phases of the ovarian cycle.
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- Follicular - period of follicle growth regulated by FSH
-- primordial follicles activated, become primary follicles as they enlarge and squamous cells become cuboidal -- primary become secondary when 2+ layers present; follicle cells become granulosa cells connected to oocyte by gap jct -- layer of CT condenses around follicle forming theca folliculi; theca and granulosa produce androgens -- oocyte secretes glycoprotein-rich substance called zona pellucida -- fluid b/w granulosa cells forms large fluid filled cavity (antrum) that isolates oocyte -- one seconday follicle become Graafian/vesicular follicle while others atrophy, primary oocyte completes meiosis I - phase during day 1-14 Ovulation: - day 14; LH surge triggered by high estrogen levels causes ovulation - Luteal Phase: -- 14 days, corpus luteum forms, incorporating granulosa + theca - secretes progesterone, estrogen, inhibin (decreases LH and FSH); lives 10-12 days; if not fertilized forms corpus albicans |
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Describe the relative blood concentrations of both estrogen and progesterone during the three phases of the ovarian cycle (ie when does the blood concentration of each hormone go up? go down?)
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Estrogens are decreasin during the menstrual phase, and then climb during the proliferative phase. Spike @ ovulation and decrease drastically afterwards. then increase a little during secretory phase and finally fall during the middle/end of the secretory phase
Progesterone - none until small rise right before ovulation; climb during secretory phase and peak in the middle of it, then steadily decline throughout the rest of secretory phase |
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Which hormone (estrogen or progesterone) is in higher blood concentratino during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle? during the luteal phase?
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- follicular - estrogen is WAY higher
- luteal, estrogen is higher, except in the middle, where progesterone peaks and passes it for maybe 5-10 days |
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What hormonal even triggers ovulation and causes the ruptured follicle to develop into a corpus luteum?
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- the surge of LH
- why it's called leutenizing hormone |
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Describe the origin and function of a corpus luteum. What is the life span of a corpus luteum if fertilization does not occur?
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- formation: formas at site of ruptured follicle; granulosa cells and theca internal cells are incorperated
- function: secretes progesterone and estrogens - causes continuing development of endometrium and secretion by endometrial glands for about the first 3 months; secretes inhibin to inhibit LH and FSH (prevents additional ovulation) - 10-12 days; if no fert, fibroblasts invade and form a corpus albicans/a scar |
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Note: estrogen inhibits FSH and LH... except when there are really high levels of it, then it switches and does negative feedback, right before ovulation, so that they can trigger the changes needed for ovulation
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see other side
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What is the effect of human chorionic gonadotropin hCG on the corpus luteum?
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- viability of the corpus luteum is maintained
- this hormone is secreted by the trophoblast cells - bypasses hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian controls - corpus luteum prompted to continue secreting progesterone and estrogen - it takes over hormonal control for a short while the endometrium doesn't slough off - it kicks in right at the point where it would otherwise |
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Describe the feedback loops (positive and negative) involved in regulating GnRH, FSH and LH secretion in the various stages of the ovarian cycle.
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- GnRH stimulates FSH and LH secretion
- those 2 stimulate follicle growth and maturation and estrogen secretion - rising estrogen levels give negative feedback on hypo. and ant pit, inhibiting the 2 hormones - inhibin from granulosa cells also exerts negative feedback; only dominant follicle survives the resulting dip in FSH from the two negative feedback cycles - really high levels in estrogen suddenly create positive feedback and stimulate LH - surge in LH - ovulation and corpus luteum result from the surge - rising estrogen/progesterone gives negative feedback again, releasing inhibin from corpus luteum. the levels of FSH and LH fall again |
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What are the female secondary sex characteristics?
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- growth and development of the breasts
- female pattern of subcutaneous fat deposition (breasts and hips) - skeletal effects - widening of pelvis - influences the appearence of axillary and pubic hair - growth spurt @ puberty |
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What health risks are increased in post menopausal women (who do not participate in hormone replacement therapy)?
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- thinning of skin, vaginal dryness
- mood swings, insomnia, depression - hot flashes and night sweats - accelerated loss of bone mass - inc risk of osteoperosis - rise in serum cholesterol levels - inc risk of cardiovascular disease |
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Explain the role of the ANA (PNS and/or SNS) in producing the female sexual response.
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- arousal phase mediated by PNS - relaxation of vascular smooth musc in genital region and secretion by vaginal and vestibular glands
- orgasm phase - medated by SNS; inc HR, BP, musc tension; rhythmic contractions of uterus, vagina and perineal muscles - no refractory period |
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What hormones regulate the synthesis of milk and its ejection?
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prolactin
- oxytocin - milk ejection |
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Identify and describe the three major phases of the uterine (menstrual cycle).
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- Menstrual phase (days 1-5); flow consists of blood tissue, fluid, mucus and epithelial cells from teh stratum funtionalis; occurs when estrogen and progesterone levels decrease due to deterioration of corpus luteum; it's when the hormone levels are @ their lowest
- Proliferative phase (days 6-14); estrogens released by developing follicles to stimulate repair of endometrium; cirvical mucus thins near end of this stage; ovulation occurs in the ovary @ end of stage - Secretory phase (last 14 days); progesterone and estrogens secreted by corpus luteum cause continued development of endometrium and secretion by endometrial glands; begins immediatly after ovulation; ends when prog and est. levels reach low level as corpus luteum deteriorates |
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test
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answer
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In what stage is the developing oocyte in each of the follicle stages?
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Oogonium before the follicle starts developing
- primary oocyte (arrested in prophase 1) from primordial follicle, through primary follicle and secondary folllicle through Graafian follicle - right afterwards, becomes a secondary oocyte, arrested in Metaphase II, then there is ovulation finally, the follicle becomes the corpus luteum |
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In what stage of meiosis are primary oocytes at birth? What hormone causes the resumption of meiosis in females following the onset of puberty?
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- stalled in prophase I
- continue due to surge of LH |
