The Rat

Front 1

The rat is a represetative of the phylum _____

Back 1

chordata

Front 2

Chordata exhibit _____ symmetry

Back 2

bilateral

Front 3

the body is divided longitudinally into 3 regions

Back 3

1. the head
2. Trunk (main body of animal)
3. The tail

Front 4

What is the function of the tail

Back 4

1. propulsions (fish)
2. balance (kangaroos, birds, lizards)
3. thermoregulation

Front 5

Chordata have four notable creatures:

Back 5

1. pharyngeal gill clefts (pharyngeal slits are used to strain water and filter out food particles; respiration)
2. presence of a notochord (backbone--derive from mesoderm)
3. the dorsal nerve cord (form from ectoderm; later modified to a brain and spinal cord).
4. post anal tail

Front 6

some mammals have extensible cheek pouches that are used to

Back 6

carry food or nesting materials

Front 7

Rodents have what kind of teeth?

Back 7

incisor teeth

Front 8

The trunk is subdivided into

Back 8

the thorax, abdomen, and the back

Front 9

[The coelom] The space b/w the inner and outer tube is the _____ and is lined with _____

Back 9

coelom
peritoneum

Front 10

In mammals, the diaphragm divides the coelom into the ____ and _____

Back 10

thoracic and abdominal cavities

Front 11

The thoracic cavity contains the ____ and ____ and are protected by the _____

Back 11

*heart and
*lungs
*rib cage

Front 12

The abdominal cavity contains ___

Back 12

most of the digestive tract and excretory system

Front 13

The salivary glands consist of the ___ and ____

Back 13

parotids and submaxillaries

Front 14

There are four samll lymph nodes in the rat. What is the function of the lymph nodes

Back 14

lymph nodes filter the lymph fluid and are a part of the body's immune system

Front 15

the lacrymal duct connects the lacrymal gland to the ___

Back 15

eye

Front 16

What is the diaphragm

Back 16

the major muscle of respiration, is a flap of muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities.

Front 17

Anterior to the heart, located on top of the trachea, is a pink mass of tissue it is called ___

Back 17

they thymus
*a lymph organ, decreases in size with age

Front 18

[Respiratory System] How do air enters the body?

Back 18

Air ---> first encounter the larynx---> the trachea
**Larynx and the trachea are connected through the laryngopharynx

Front 19

Food is prevented from entering the larynx by the ____

Back 19

epiglottis

Front 20

Cartilaginous rings present in the walls of the trachea. What is the purpose of the cartilagionous rings?

Back 20

*help prevent the trachea from collapsing

Front 21

What does the trachea do?

Back 21

the trachea conducts air into the various lobes of the lungs

Front 22

[Circulatory System] The ____ is the outer membrane that surrounds the heart

Back 22

pericardium

Front 23

All mammals have four chambered hearts which consist of ___

Back 23

right and left atria
right and left ventricles

**veins lead to the heart
*arteries lead away from the heart

Front 24

Veins carry deoxygenated blood from the ____, and from anteirior and lateral regions of the body lead into the ____

Back 24

liver
right atrium

Front 25

Blood passes through a one-way valve, called the ____, into the ____

Back 25

tricuspid
right ventricle

Front 26

the right ventricle pumps blood into the ____ and to the ____

Back 26

pulmonary arteries and then to the llungs (this is deoxygenated blood)

Front 27

Oxygenated blood from the lungs passes through the _____ to the _____

Back 27

pulmonary veins
left atrium

Front 28

From the left atrium the blood passes through a one-way valve, _____, to the ____

Back 28

bicuspid valve
left ventricle

Front 29

The bood is then pumped through the _____

Back 29

aorta

Front 30

[Lymphatic System] Lymph nodes are connect to lymph vessels. LLymph vessels pick interstitial fluid and return the fluid to the circulatory system. What is one prominent component of the lymph system?

Back 30

the spleen

Front 31

What if the function of the spleen?

Back 31

Blood is filtered and acted upon by large number of lymphocytes and phagocytes with the spleen.
**The spleen is important in the storage and destruction of red blood cells

Front 32

[Digestive System] The oral cavity opens into the pharynx (throat) that has three regions:

Back 32

*oralpharynx
*nasopharynx
*laryngopharynx (thing that leads to the larynx and trachea)

Front 33

The primary function of the esophagus is to

Back 33

convey food from the mouth to the stomach; plays no further role in digestion

Front 34

the stomach secretes _____, witch provides the acidity for enzymatic activity and aids in digestion

Back 34

Hydrochloric acid

Front 35

the small intestine is divided into three regions

Back 35

duodenum
jejunum
ileum

Front 36

Secretions from the ____ and ____ enter the duodenum and aid in digestion

Back 36

liver
pancreas

Front 37

What does the pancreas do

Back 37

it secrete pancreatic juices that contain digestive enzymes

Front 38

The posterior end of the stomach contains the pyloric sphincter. What is the pyloric sphincter?

Back 38

It regulates the emptying of acidic chyme from the stomach into the small intestine.

Front 39

The pancreatic juices contain digestive enzymes and lare quanties of _____ that neutralize the acidic chyme

Back 39

bicarbonate ions

Front 40

What is the function of the large intestine (colon)?

Back 40

the large intestine functions mostly to absorb water
**does not absord materials

Front 41

[excretory system]
Blood enters the kidney via the _____ and exits via the _____.

Back 41

renal artery (aphrons)
renal vein (ephrons)

Front 42

A subset of the entering blood enters the nephrons. What is the funtion of nephrons?

Back 42

functional unit of the kidney and are responsible for forming urine and regulating ionic balance

Front 43

urine exits the kidney via the ____. It is then stored in the ____

Back 43

ureter
bladder

Front 44

from the bladder, urine exits through the _____

Back 44

urethra

Front 45

[skeletal system]
Mammalian bons consist of a ______, which is mainly an extra-cellular matrix

Back 45

calcified (calcium phosphate) hard tissure

Front 46

[digestive system] Blood vessels pass to and from the organs via the _________

Back 46

mesenteries

Front 47

after extensive coiling the small intestine empties into the _______

Back 47

large intestine (colon)

Front 48

special type of bateria is found in the cecum of most herbivores. What does the bacteria do?

Back 48

help aid the breakdown of complex carbohydrates such as cellulose

Front 49

Now. Give the overall process of the digestive system? starts with pharynx?

Back 49

food---> pharynx (oral, naso, and laryngopharynx)---> esophagus ----> stomach (contains HCL)----> small intestine (has 3 parts: duodenum, jejunum, ileum) + (pancrease + liver will help small intestine break down food) --->large intestine or colon contain the caecum (sucks up H20) ----> rectum ---> anus

Front 50

[Excretory system] give the overall process of of the excretory system. start with kidney

Back 50

(2) kidneys----> (2) ureter---> bladder----> urethra

Front 51

there's an outer and inner kidney what are they called?

Back 51

outer = cortex
inner = medulla

Front 52

[Reproductive system]

women

Back 52

female: ovary---> fallopian tubes---> uterus----> vagina

Front 53

Reproduction system of male

Back 53

SEVEN-UP

seminiferus tubule---> epididymus----> vas deferens---> ejaculatory duct ---> (n= nonthing)----> urethras-----> seminal vesicle (provide frutose)

Front 54

[lymphatic system] what organs or components are in the lymphatic system?

Back 54

lymph nodes, thymus, spleen

**These things pick up fluid and take it back to your circulatory system

**Spleen= fileter blood, stores/destroy red blood cells

Front 55

[reproduction] The fallopian tube conducts the egg from the ____ to the _____

Back 55

ovaries
uterus

Front 56

fetilization occurs in the ____ and implantation occurs in the ____.

Back 56

oviduct (fallopain tube)
uterus

Front 57

Male: sperm are produced w/in the _____

Back 57

seminiferous tubules

Front 58

Sperm mature as they travel from the ____ to the _____ and then to the _______

Back 58

tubules
caput epididymis
cauda epididymis

Front 59

During ejaculation sperm travel from the _____ through the _____ to a short ______ and then into the ______

Back 59

cauda epididymus
vas deferens
ejaculatory duct
urethra

Front 60

[kidney] glomeruli is only found in this part of the kidney?

Back 60

cortex

note: singular= glomerulus= means ball of capillaries

Front 61

There are four layers in the small intestine. name from inside to outside (and indicate the cells that made up of each layers)

Back 61

1. Mucosa (epithelium = simple columanar w/ microvilli, CT and smooth mus.)
2. Submucosa (connective tissue )
3. Smooth Muscle (inner= circular, outer= longitudinal)
4. Serosa aka peritoneal membrane (Ct and mesothelium)

Front 62

layers of ____ suspend the GI tract of a coelomate from the dorsal and ventral aspects of the abdominal cavity.

Back 62

mesentery

Front 63

name two functions of the mesentery

Back 63

1. help position the organ = hold them up-- suspend (so they don't sink)

def of suspend: to keep from falling, sinking, forming a deposit,

2. allow for the passage of nerves, blood, and lymph vessels.
**store fat, prevent small intestine from kinking.

Front 64

where is the thyroid gland located?

Back 64

This gland is found in the neck, inferior to (below) the thyroid cartilage (also known as the Adam's apple)

Front 65

What system is the thyroid gland a part of?

Back 65

endocrine system
**release hormone

Front 66

Name 4 other glands that you see in lab that belong to the endocrine system?

Back 66

1. adrenal gland (sit ontop of the kidney)
2. ovary
3. testis
4. thymus

Front 67

[heart] The wall of which ventricle is thicker? left or right?

Back 67

left ventricle b/c it has to pump blood throughout the whole body, while the right ventricle only have to pump to the lungs.

Front 68

Which value in measuring blood pressure is higher-- systolic or diastolic? what is due to?

Back 68

*Systolic is higher--- due to the left ventricle contraction

Front 69

list two different substances secreted by the pancreas and give thier functions

Back 69

**digestive enzymes-- break down food
**biocarbonate ions-- neutralize acidic chyme

Front 70

where do you find the mature sperm

Back 70

cauda epididymis