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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Wilhelm Wundt |
Uses scientific methods to study psychological processes writes first psychology textbook in 1874 Establishes first psychology research laboratory at the university of Leipzig, Germany in 1879 |
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when did Wilhelm Wundt conduct the first psychology research |
1879 |
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structuralism |
Edward Titchener, a student of Wundt, held thatcomplex conscious experiences could be brokendown into elemental parts or structures. |
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Functionalism |
Advocated by William James and influenced by Darwin, functionalism focuses onhow behaviors function to allow people and animals to adapt to their environment.
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who created the first American psychology laboratory? |
William James |
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Psychodynamic |
Unconscious mental processesshape feelings, thoughts, andbehaviors
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Sigmund Freud |
A therapist who theorized that all actions are rooted by thoughts of the unconscious mind |
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Unconscious |
is the part of the mindthat operates outsideof conscious
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Behaviorism |
Psychologyredefined as thescientific study ofobservablebehavior |
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John B. Watson |
behaviorist who conducted experiments known as 'Little Albert' on a baby |
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B.F. Skinner |
Rejected the idea of studying inner thoughts and feelings. Rather he studied how consequences shape behavior. |
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Humanistic |
Positive potential of human beings is assumed
Emphasis on self-determination, free will, and the importance ofchoice A reaction to negative implications of Freudian and emphasis onexternal influences of the behaviorist school |
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Cognitive psychology
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The scientific study of howperception, thought, memory, andreasoning are processed
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Neuroscience
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How the body and brainenable emotions,memories, and sensoryexperiences
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Evolutionary
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How the natural selectionof traits promoted thesurvival of genes |
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Basic research
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builds psychology’sknowledge basethrough research andtraining
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Applied research
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tackles practicalproblems in industrialor other institutional/organizational settings
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Correlation
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Positive correlationsindicate that twofactors increase ordecrease together. Negative correlationsindicate that as onefactor increases, theother decreases. Correlation DOES NOT EQUAL Causation |
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Experimental Designs
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Curiosity Skepticism Humility |
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Independent Variable (manipulation)
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The factors that are not changed |
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Dependent Variable (effect)
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the factors that could be changed |
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Experimental Group
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the group of subjects being tested upon |
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Control Group
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the group with out any testing in order to make sure the test is accurate |
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Random Assignment
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when subjects are randomly placed into groups |
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Neuroplasticity
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it refers to changes in neural pathways and synapses due to changes in behavior, environment, neural processes, thinking, and emotions
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The Neuron (and its parts)
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Neurotransmitters
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neuron-produced chemicals that cross synapses to carry messages to other neurons or cells |
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Divisions of the nervous system |
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Central Nervous System
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(brain and spinal cord)
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Peripheral Nervous System
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(connects CNS to rest of the body)
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Somatic (Skeletal)
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peripheral nervous system division controlling the body's skeletal muscles |
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Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
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peripheral nervous system division controlling the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart) |
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sympathetic
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autonomic nervous system subdivision that arouses the body mobilizing its energy in stressful situations |
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parasympathetic
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autonomic system subdivision that calms the body conserving its energy |
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Cerebral Cortex – most mental processes
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thin layer of interconnected neurons covering the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control information processing center |
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Temporal lobes
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portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes areas that receive information from the ears |
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Frontal lobes
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portion of the cerebral cortex that lies just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgements |
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Parietal lobes
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portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; receives sensory input for touch and body position |
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Occipital lobes
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portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes areas that receive information from the visual fields |
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Cerebral Hemisphere (Left and Right)
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Left half controls right side of thebody & vice versa
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Corpus Callosum
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the bit that connects the left and right hemispheres |
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Thalamus
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– The brains sensoryswitchboard, locatedon top of thebrainstem
– Sensory and motorneurons pass through – Also involved in sleepand attention – Serious damage#death |
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Hypothalamus
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– Also involved in emotion, stress, and reward – Homeostatic mechanism-- Regulator of the bodys internal state If electrically stimulated, it gives a feeling of pleasure – Pleasure-crazy rats – A neural structurelying below thethalamus – Works with thepituitary (master)gland – Monitors threepleasurableactivities: Eating,drinking, and sex…as well as bodytemperature andblood pressure |
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Amygdala
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Involved in emotionalawareness and expression,especially fear and anger
– Damage# uncontrolled rage – Discrimination of objectsnecessary for survival, such asappropriate food, mates, andsocial rivals |
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Hippocampus
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– Looks like a seahorse(???)
• Greek: hippokampos, amythical monster – Determines whatmemories should beretained, or printed inthe cerebral cortex – H.M. could not add newmemories |
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Schemas—assimilation and accomodation
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SchemaConcept or framework that organizes and interpretsinformation
AssimilationInterpreting our new experiences in terms of ourexisting schemas AccommodationAdapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information |
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Sensorimotor -> concrete -> formal
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• Tools for thinking and reasoning change withdevelopment
• Object permanence • Awareness that things continue to exist even when notperceived |
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Object Permanence
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The ability to understand things continue to exist even when they are not perceived |
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preoperational
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Child learns to use language but cannot yet performthe mental operations of concrete logicConservation
Pretend play Egocentrism |
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Egocentrism
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the pre-operational child's difficulty understanding another's point of view |
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Conservation
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the understanding that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in shapes |
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Attachment
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an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver, and showing distress on seperation |
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Harry Harlow and surrogate monkey mothers
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the experiment where the baby monkey preferred the soft fake mother rather than the metal one that gave food |
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Stranger Anxiety
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the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age |
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Types of attachment (John Bowlby)
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insecure attachment and secure attachment |
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Secure attachment
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baby hates being separated from mother figure, and will be happy upon reunion |
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Insecure attachment (anxiety or avoidance)
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anxiety: will cry when mother figure leaves and continue even when she returns avoidance: won't care when she leaves or returns |
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Temperament (Easy or Difficult)
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Difficult: Irritable, intense,and unpredictable
Easy: Cheerful, relaxed,and feeding and sleepingon predictable schedules |
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Parenting Styles (Baumrind)
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Authoritative parents tend to have children with thehighest self-esteem, self-reliance, and socialcompetence
Permissive parents tend to have children who aremore aggressive and immature Authoritarian parents tend to have children with lesssocial skills and self-esteem |
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Authoritative
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Authoritarian parents set the rules and expectobedience
Authoritarian parents tend to have children with less social skills and self-esteem |
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Permissive
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Permissive parents give in to their children’s desires,make few demands, and use little punishment
Permissive parents tend to have children who are more aggressive and immature |
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Authoritarian
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Authoritative parents are both demanding andresponsive—they exert control by setting rules, butthey encourage open discussion and allow exceptions
Authoritative parents tend to have children with the highest self-esteem, self-reliance, and social competence |
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Levels of Moral Thinking (Kohlberg)
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Use moral reasoning that develops in universalsequence to guide moral actions
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Preconventional
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self interest; obey rules to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards |
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Conventional
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uphold laws and rules to gain social approval or maintain social order |
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Postconventional
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actions reflect belief in basic rights and self-defined ethical principles |
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Difference between one’s sex and one’s gender
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Sex: Biological status, defined by your chromosomes andanatomy
Gender: Culture’s expectations aboutwhat it means to be male or female |
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Physical differences between men and women (height, timing of puberty,longevity)
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Women enter pubertysooner
live about 5years longer. Women carry 70 percentmore fat woman are 20 percent lessmuscle woman are 5 inchesshorter. |
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Mental health differences (ADHD, autism, depression, eating disorders, suicide)
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Men are 4 times more likelyto die by suicide or developalcohol dependence.
Men are more likely tohave childhood diagnosisof autism spectrumdisorder, color-blindness,or ADHD. Men are more at risk forantisocial personalitydisorder. Women have 2x risk ofdeveloping depression and10x risk of developingeating disorder. |
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Gender differences in aggression
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Minor physical aggression: Men and women equal
Extreme violent acts: Men commit more than women Relational aggression: Women more likely than men |
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Gender and social connections
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Need to belong: All humans
Social connections: Females more interdependent;males more independent Social connectedness: Boys typically form largegroups for active, competitive play; girls play in smallgroups and imitate social relationships Social networks: Women’s networks are larger thanmen’s |
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Tend and befriend
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woman are more likely to turn to others for support (tend and befriend) |
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Spermarche and Menarche
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first ejaculation |
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Intersex
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first menstrual period |
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Gender identity, gender role, gender typing
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gender identity: our sense of being male or female gender role: a set of expected behaviors gender typing: the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role |
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Social learning theory
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the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished |
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Transgender
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an umbrella term describing people whose gender or expression differs from that associated with their birth sex |
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Testosterone and estrogens
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Testosterone: sex hormones for male characteristics Estrogen: sex hormones that contribute to female sex characteristics |
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Sexually Transmitted Infections
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Rates have increased in recent years, especially forpeople under 25.
CDC report: 14- to 19-year-old U.S. females found39.5 percent had STIs. Condom use effective varies by infection (80 percenteffectiveness when used with infected partner; lesseffective with skin-to-skin STIs. Significant link between oral sex and STIs. Women’s AIDs rates increasing fastest. |
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Teen Pregnancy
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Environmental factorscontribute to teenpregnancy
• Minimal communicationabout birth control • Passion overwhelmingself-control • Alcohol use • Mass media norms ofunprotected promiscuity Characteristics of teenswho delay having sex• High intelligence • Religious engagement • Father presence • Participation in servicelearning program |
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Levels of Analysis for Sexual Motivation (biological, psychological, social-cultural)
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biological pleasure plays a role but psychological and social cultural play an even bigger one |
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Same-sex attraction in other species
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Same-sex sexual behaviors observed in several hundredspecies |
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Gay-straight brain differences
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LeVay Postmortem brain structure research: Cell cluster in hypothalamus larger in heterosexual men than in women and homosexual men, brain anatomy influences sexual orientation
Savic function studies: Differential brain arousal in straight men and gay men and straight and lesbian women |
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Genetic influences
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shared sexual orientation is higher among identical twins than among fraternal twins
sexual attraction in fruit flies can be genetically manipulated male homosexuality often appears to be transmitted from the mother's side of the family |
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Parental influences
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Hormonal changes duringcritical period in braindevelopment between 2nd and5th prenatal month may link tohomosexual behavior (animalstudy results).
Older-brother or fraternal birthordereffect appear to berelated to mother’s defenseresponses to earlier male fetus |
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Gay-straight trait differences
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Gay men shorter andlesbian women heavierthan average at birth
Some spatial abilitydifferences reported Straight males tend tofind this an easier taskthan do straightfemales, with gays andlesbians intermediate.(From Rahman et al.,2003 |
