The Pharynx

Front 1

Contraction of the muscles of the pharynx serves what purpose?

Back 1

To propel food towards the esophagus.

Front 2

The Pharynx links what cavities and structures?

Back 2

It links the oral and nasal cavities to the larynx and esophagus.

Front 3

The pharynx is attached superiorly to what structures?

Back 3

The pharyngeal tubercle, sphenoid bone, and pharyngotympanic tube.

Front 4

The pterygomandibular raphe forms the anterior attachment of muscles making up the pharynx. What other muscle inserts into this raphe?

Back 4

The buccinator m.

Front 5

What fascial layer lines the outer surface of the pharyngeal muscles?

Back 5

Buccopharyngeal fascia

Front 6

What fascial layer lines the inner surface of the pharyngeal muscles?

Back 6

The pharyngobasilar fascia

Front 7

The pharyngeal mucosa consists is made up of what components?

Back 7

Mucous glands and lymphoid tissue and lines the internal surface of the pharynx.

Front 8

The posterior wall of the pharynx has muscular connections to what fibrous mid sagital structure?

Back 8

The pharyngeal raphe

Front 9

What are the 3 divisions of the pharynx?

Back 9

1. Nasopharynx
2. Oropharynx
3. Laryngopharynx
The nasal cavity is continuous with the nasopharynx anteriorly

Front 10

The opening of the pharyngotympanic tube is covered by a fold called what?

Back 10

Salpingopharyngeal fold

Front 11

Just superior to the opening of the pharyngotympanic tube is a hump created by the salpingopharyngeal fold. What is its name?

Back 11

Torus tubarius

Front 12

The nasopharynx is located where in relation to the softpalate?

Back 12

Superior. It is located posterior to the choanae and ihas a respiratory function.

Front 13

What are the inferior and superior borders of the oropharynx?

Back 13

The soft palate superiorly and the epiglottis inferiorly.

Front 14

The oropharynx contains what important structures?

Back 14

The palatine tonsil, lingual tonsil, epiglottis, vallecula and soft palate with uvula.

Front 15

What structures form the anterior border of the oropharynx?

Back 15

The palatoglossal folds.

Front 16

The tonsils are a collection of what type of tissue in the pharynx?

Back 16

Lymphoid tissue that consists of lymphocytes that produce antibodies.

Front 17

What structures makes up Waldeyer's ring?

Back 17

The pharyngeal tonsils, lingual tonsils and palatine tonsils

Front 18

Tonsillitis causes what symptoms?

Back 18

Sore throat, fever, drooling, ear pain, halitosis, red swollen tonsils with white patches.

Front 19

What are the main symptoms associated with strep throat?

Back 19

Bright red throat, fever and white or yellow spots.

Front 20

A peritonsillar abscess typically forms between what structures?

Back 20

Between the palatine tonsil and pharyngeal wall.

Front 21

Where does the laryngopharynx lay in relation to the larynx?

Back 21

Posterior to the larynx and inferior to the superior border of epiglottis. The esophagus is continuous with the laryngopharynx inferiorly.

Front 22

What are the cave like structures lateroinferior to the epiglottis within the muscularture of the pharynx?

Back 22

Piriform recesses.

Front 23

The circular constrictor muscles have what characteristics?

Back 23

Form the bulk of the walls and are external. Originate anteriorly on bones and ligaments and insert posteriorly on the pharyngeal raphe
Contract sequentially to decrease the diameter of the pharynx and propel a food bolus down into the esophagus

Front 24

What characterizes the three longitudinal pharyngeal muscles?

Back 24

Originate superiorly on the skull and soft palate and insert on the walls of the pharynx internally
Contract to elevate the pharyngeal wall, hyoid bone and larynx

Front 25

Note: Important structures/vessels pass through gaps between the pharyngeal muscles

Back 25

...

Front 26

What muscle of the pharynx originates directly from the pharyngeal tubercle and pharyngobasilar fascia?

Back 26

The superior constrictor muscle. It inserts onto the pterygomandibular raphe.

Front 27

What pharyngeal muscle inserts onto the greater and lesser horns of the hyoid bone as well as the stylohyoid ligament?

Back 27

Middle constrictor muscle.

Front 28

The inferior constrictor muscle inserts onto what structures?

Back 28

The thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage as well as the cricothyroid m.

Front 29

What are the three longitudinal elevators of the pharynx?

Back 29

The stylopharyngeus, salpingopharyngeus and palatopharyngeus.

Front 30

What is the biggest of the 3 longitudinal elevators of pharynx?

Back 30

Palatopharyngeus

Front 31

What muscle of the pharynx originates on the pharyngotympanic tube and inserts onto the palatopharyngeus m?

Back 31

Salpingopharyngeus m. Tiny m of the pharynx.

Front 32

The palatopharyngeus and stylopharyngeus inserts into what structure?

Back 32

The inferior constrictor m of pharynx.

Front 33

The pharyngeal branch of the vagus innervates all the pharyngeal muscles except?

Back 33

The stylopharyngeus m is innervated by the glossopharyngeal n. The inferior constrictor m also receives innervation from the external laryngeal n of vagus.

Front 34

All of the longitudinal mm of the pharynx elevate the pharynx. Which one additionally closes the oropharynx superiorly?

Back 34

The palatopharyngeus. The big guy

Front 35

What three muscles attach to the styloid process?

Back 35

Stylohyoid, styloglossus and stylopharyngeus mm

Front 36

What structures pass into the pharynx from above the superior constrictor m?

Back 36

Tensor and levator veli palatini muscles of the soft palate, pharyngotympanic tube, the ascending palatine artery (from the facial artery), palatine branch of ascending pharyngeal artery

Front 37

What structures pass into the pharynx between the superior and middle constrictors and the mylohyoid m?

Back 37

Stylopharyngeus muscle to the pharyngeal wall, stylohyoid ligament, styloglossus and hyoglossus mm of the tongue, glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) (innervating the stylopharyngeus and posterior part of the tongue and palatine tonsils)

Front 38

What structures pass into the pharynx between the middle and inferior constrictors through the thyrohyoid membrane and into the larynx?

Back 38

Internal laryngeal nerve (from the superior laryngeal nerve), superior laryngeal artery (from superior thyroid artery) and vein

Front 39

What structures pass into the pharynx from beneath the inferior constrictor and into the larynx?

Back 39

Recurrent laryngeal nerve (X), inferior laryngeal artery (from inferior thyroid artery) and vein

Front 40

The pharyngeal plexus consists of branches from what nerves?

Back 40

Vagus, glossopharyngeal and superior cervical ganglion

Front 41

Sensory to the nasopharynx is from what nerve?

Back 41

Pharyngeal branch of V2 from the pterygopalatine fossa and passes through the palatovaginal canal

Front 42

Sensory to the oropharynx comes from what nerve?

Back 42

Glossopharyngeal n

Front 43

Sensory to the laryngopharynx comes from what nerve?

Back 43

Vagus n

Front 44

What nerve innervates the only muscle of the pharynx not innervated by the vagus?

Back 44

Stylopharyngeus m

Front 45

VE to the glands and mucoso of the nasopharynx comes from where? (parasympathetic and sympathetic)

Back 45

Nasopharynx: postganglionic parasympathetics (VII) and sympathetics (superior cervical ganglion) from the pharyngeal branch of the pterygopalatine ganglion that passes through palatovaginal canal

Front 46

VE to the glands and mucosa of the oropharynx and laryngopharynx come from where?

Back 46

preganglionic parasympathetics from vagus (X) (synapse on the glands) and postganglionic sympathetics directly from cervical sympathetic chains

Front 47

What are the two main branches of the vagus that Chew outlines?

Back 47

1. Pharyngeal
2. Superior laryngeal

Front 48

Note: There is a pharyngeal branch of both CN9 and CN10.

Back 48

..

Front 49

The afferent limb of the swallowing limb is controlled by what nerve?

Back 49

Glossopharyngeal n

Front 50

The efferent limb of the swallowing reflex is controlled by what nerve?

Back 50

Vagus

Front 51

A problem with any part of the swallowing process is called what?

Back 51

Dysphagia

Front 52

What physical blockages in the pharynx may interfere with swallowing?

Back 52

congenital defects, pharyngeal diverticula, abscesses or cysts, or physical blockage

Front 53

DISH or diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis is characterized by what?

Back 53

Flowing calcification along the anterolateral aspect of at least 4 contiguous vertebral bodies. Results in progressive dysphagia

Front 54

A zenker's diverticulum of the pharynx (false) is characterized by what?

Back 54

An outpouching of the mucosa of the pharynx. A true diverticula consists of all layers of the pharyngeal wall.

Front 55

The pharyngeal venous plexus drains into where?

Back 55

The pterygoid venous plexus, the facial veins and the internal jugular vein

Front 56

What are the branches of the external carotid artery that supply the pharynx?

Back 56

1. Ascending pharyngeal - tonsillar branch
2. Facial artery - tonsillar branch and ascending palatine artery
3. Small branches of the lingual artery
4. Pharyngeal branch off the maxillary artery
5. Pharyngeal branches and lesser palatine artery off the inferior thyroid.

Front 57

The pharyngeal venous plexus is an intermediate between what other venous systems?

Back 57

The facial and internal jugular veins inferiorly and the pterygoid venous plexus superiorly