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132 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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state the 3 fns of the NS (hint) |
1 receive stimuli fr ext and int env 2 analyse and integrate these stimuli 3 bring about any necessary response |
r___ s___... a___ and i___... ...n___ r___ |
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state the 2 divisions of the nervous system |
1 central nervous sys (CNS) 2 peripheral nervous sys (PNS) |
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the basic unit of the NS is the ___, and it is resp for the ___ of nerve impulses throughout the ___ tissue |
neurone; transmission; nervous |
n___; t___; n___ |
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nerve impulses pass fr one neurone to another by means of structures known as ___ |
synapses |
s___ |
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___ or ___ cells present in the spinal cord and brain supply ___ to carry waste materials away fr the ___ |
neuroglia or glial cells; nutrients; neurones |
n___; g___; n___; n___ |
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state the 4 parts that a neurone must have |
1 cell body 2 dendrons 3 dendrites 4 axon |
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the cell body is aka the ___ or ___, and contains the ___ |
soma or perikaryon; nucleus |
s___; p___; n___ |
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dendrons are short processes formed fr many finer ___, and carry nerve impulses ___ the cell body |
dendrites; towards |
d___; t___ |
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a single cell body may receive as many as ___ dendrites from other neurones, and dendrites may also be ___ into ___ ___ |
6000; modified into sensory receptors |
(number); m___ into s___ r___ |
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state the 6 things that sensory receptors sense |
1 heat 2 cold 3 pain 4 touch 5 pressure 6 stretch |
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the ___ is a ___ process that carries nerve impulses away fr the cell body |
axon; long |
a___; l___ |
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axons are often covered by a fatty substance called the ___ ___, which appears ___ under the microscope |
myelin sheath; white |
m___ s___; w___ |
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for this reason, nervous tissue containing many myelinated axons is often referred to as ___ ___, while nervous tissue with many unmyelinated axons stains a dark colour and is called ___ ___ |
white matter; grey matter |
w___ m___; g___ m___ |
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the myelin sheath is actually the ___ ___ of specialised ___ cells called ___ in the CNS and ___ ___ in the PNS |
cell membrane; glial; oligodendrocytes; Schwann cells |
c___ m___; g___; o___; S___ c___ |
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name the small gaps in the myelin sheath bw adj glial cells |
nodes of Ranvier |
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with the myelin sheath, ___ conduction can occur along the neurones, and with no ___ ___ |
faster; errant flow |
f___; e___ f___ |
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each axon terminates in a ___. where an axon terminates on an ind msc fibre, the (blank) is referred to as a ___ ___ |
synapse; neuromuscular junction |
s___; n___ j___ |
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the terminal end of an axon is called the ___ ___ and is enlarged into a little knob known as the ___ ___ |
presynaptic ending; synaptic knob |
p___ e___; s___ k___ |
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the cell membrane covering the presynaptic ending is called the ___ ___ and contains ___ within which are chemical substances called ___ |
presynaptic membrane; vesicles; neurotransmitters |
p___ m___; v___; n___ |
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the ___ ___ is the physical gap bw the ___ axon and the ___ dendron of another neurone |
synaptic cleft; presynaptic; postsynaptic |
s___ c___; p___; p___ |
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___ ions are req for the release of ___ into the ___ and hence the proper ___ of a nerve impulse |
calcium; neurotransmitters; synapse; propagation |
c___; n___; s___; p___ |
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name the most common neurotransmitter |
acetylcholine |
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when a neurone isn't being stim'd, it is said to be in a ___ ___ |
resting state |
r___ s___ |
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specialised molecules located on neurone's cell membrane pump ___ ions fr the inside to the outside and ___ ions fr the outside to the inside. these specialised pumps are called ___-___ ___ pumps |
sodium; potassium; sodium-potassium ATPase |
s___; p___; s___-p___ A___ |
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the sodium-potassium ATPase pumps cause a ___ gradient and a ___ gradient, as __ Na+ ions are pumped out while __ K+ ions are pumped in simultaneously. as such, the neurone is said to be ___ |
concentration; electrical; 3; 2; polarised |
c___; e___; (number); (number); p___ |
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since there are more Na+ than K+ ions, there is a net ___ charge within the cell, and the diff in electrical charge across the cell membrane is called the ___ ___ ___ |
negative; resting membrane potential |
n___; r___ m___ p___ |
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when a neurone is stim'd by an adj neurone, or a ___ ___ stim'd by an ext stimulus, the neurone 'fires' an impulse, and this is called ___ |
sensory receptor; depolarisation |
s___ r___; d___ |
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at the pt where the stimulus occurs on the neurone, specialised molecules called ___ ___ in the cell membrane open. they allow only ___ to pass thru by ___ ___ and are also attracted by the net ___ charge inside the neurone |
sodium channels; Na+; passive diffusion; negative |
s___ c___; s___; p___ d___; n___ |
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the influx of Na+ into the neurone is called ___ bc cell membrane is no longer ___. inside of neurone goes fr a net ___ charge to a net ___ charge. change in charge is called the ___ ___ |
depolarisation; polarised; negative; positive; action potential |
d___; p___; n___; p___; a___ p___ |
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within a fraction of a sec aft depolarisation, Na channels shut, halting Na+ influx; ___ ___ open, allowing efflux of ___ |
potassium channels; K+ |
p___ c___; p___ |
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the efflux of K+ results in the electrical charge on the inside of the neurone swinging back to a net ___ charge, and the change back to the resting membrane potential is called ___ |
negative; repolarisation |
n___; r___ |
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initial stimulus must be of sufficient strength to make neurone ___. when stimulus is strong enough to cause ___ ___, it is said to have reached ___ |
respond; complete depolarisation; threshold |
r___; c___ d___; t___ |
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what happens when a sensory receptor on a dendrite rcvs only a v weak stimulus? (not enough to reach threshold) |
only a few Na channels open -> v small influx of Na+ -> slight +ve change in resting membrane potential -> insufficient to propagate action potential -> info not transmitted to brain |
Na channels influx change in potential propagate transmission of info |
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if the stimulus on the sensory receptor is large enough, it causes a spreading wave of Na channels to open over entire neurone -> ___ of ___, resulting in ___ of ___ ___ |
wave of depolarisation; conduction of action potential |
w___ of d___; c___ of a___ p___ |
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if stimulus is sufficient to reach threshold, action potential is propagated along neurone. if stimulus is insufficient to reach threshold, action potential not propagated along neurone. this is known as the '___ ___ ___' principle - either neurone ___ or does not at all |
all or none; depolarises |
a___ o___ n___; d___ |
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period bw start of depolarisation-repolarisation cycle and tail end of cycle is called the ___ ___ |
refractory period |
r___ p___ |
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period of Na+ influx and K+ efflux is part of refractory period which no stimulus can cause neurone to depolarise agn. this is the ___ ____ ___ |
absolute refractory period |
a___ r___ p___ |
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if v lrg stimulus arrives at tail end of repolarisation period, may be possible to stimulate another depolarisation (___ ___ ___) where cell is unresponsive to stimulus of ___ ___ but may respond to stronger stimulus |
relative refractory period; normal intensity |
r___ r___ p___; n___ i____ |
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myelin sheath serves to prevent ___ by preventing Na channels fr opening in regions which have ___, so next avail Na channels are at the ___ ___ ___ |
shorts; myelin; nodes of Ranvier |
s___; m____; n___ of R___ |
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action potential thus skips fr one node to another, greatly accelerating rate at which ___ ___ spreads down the ___. this is known as ___ ___ |
action potential; neurone; saltatory conduction |
a___ p___; n___; s___ c___ |
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saltatory conduction is impt for ___ and ___ ___ ___. in ppl w multiple sclerosis where myelin sheath is dmgd, results in inability to ___ properly, loss of nml ___ ___ and inability to make ___ ___ |
vision and fine motor ctrl; see; msc ctrl; coordinated movements |
v___; f___ m____ c___; s___; m___ c___; c___ m___ |
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once action potential has been successfully conducted to end of ___, nerve impulse must be transmitted to next neurone or to cells of target. bc adj cells sep'd by ___, neurone w action potential releases chemical into ___ ___ that stimulates next neurone or cell. called ___ ___ |
axon; synapse; synaptic cleft; synaptic transmission |
a___; s___; s___ c___; s___ t___ |
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synaptic knob of presynaptic ending of axon contains many ___ to provide E for processes that occur here. ___ containing ___ substance also present |
mitochondria; vesicles; neurotransmitters |
m___; v___; n___ |
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when action potential reaches synaptic knob, ___ ___ on ___ ___ open, resulting in an ___ of (blank 1) ions, causing vesicles to ___ w (blanks 3-4) and release ___ into ___ ___, which diffuse accross (blanks 8-9) towards ___ ___ |
calcium channels; presynaptic membrane; influx; fuse; neurotransmitters; synaptic cleft; postsynaptic membrane |
c___ c___; p___ m___; i___; f___; n___; s___ c___; p___ m___ |
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on postsynaptic membrane are ___ ___. neurotransmitters bind to ___ and trigger a change in the postsynaptic membrane, but only neurotransmitters that are ___ to the receptor will bind to them |
receptor proteins; receptors; specific |
r___ p___; r___; s___ |
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state the fn of acetylcholine: a) at neuromuscular junctions b) in the heart |
a) causes mscr contrxn b) slows heart rate |
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there are 3 other neurotransmitters that fall into a certain class. name the 3 neurotransmitters and the class |
1 adrenaline 2 noradrenaline 3 dopamine class: catecholamines |
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noradrenaline influences ___ and the '___ or ___' response. ___ is also an activator of this response. the last catecholamine is found within the ___ where it is involved w ___ ___ and ___ ___ |
arousal; fight or flight; brain; autonomic fns; msc ctrl |
a___; f___ or f___; b___; a___ f___; m___ c___ |
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acetylcholine is broken down rapidly by ___ and reabsorbed by the ___ ___, which then reassembles the acetylcholine and repackages it into ___ |
acteylcholinesterase; synaptic knob; vesicles |
a___; s___ k___; v___ |
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name the 6 classifications of nerves |
1 sensory nerve 2 motor nerve 3 mixed nerve 4 intercalated neurone/interneurone 5 afferent nerve 6 efferent nerve |
s___ m___ m___ i___ n___ a___ e___ |
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state the fn of the sensory nerve |
carry impulses towards the CNS |
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state the fn of the motor nerve |
carry impulses away fr the CNS |
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state the fn of the mixed nerve |
carry both sensory and motor nerve fibres |
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state the fn of the intercalated neurone |
lies bw a sensory neurone and a motor neurone |
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state the fn of the afferent nerve |
carry impulses towards a structure, usually in the CNS |
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state the fn of the efferent nerve |
carry impulses away fr a structure, usually in the CNS |
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visceral nerves are associated w the visceral body systems. stimuli are carried by visceral ___ nerves fr ___ ___, ___ ___ and the ___ ___ to ___. impulses are transmitted fr ___ by visceral ___ nerve to ___ ___ and ___ ___, where they initiate a response |
sensory; blood vessels, mucous membranes and the visceral organs to the CNS; CNS; motor; smooth msc and glandular tissue |
s___; b___ v___; m___ m___; v___ o___; C___; C___; m___; s___ m___; g___ t___ |
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somatic structures inc receptors in the ___, ____, ___, ___ and specialised somatic organs such as the ___ and ___ |
skin, mscs, joints, tendons; ear and eye |
s___, m___, j___, t___; e___ and e___ |
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stimuli are carried by somatic sensory nerves towards the CNS and impulses by somatic motor nerves to ___ ___, where they initiate a response |
skeletal msc |
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during embryonic development, a ___ ___ forms fr the ___ layer of ICM of embryo. it runs along the ___ surface of the embryo and as it develops, ___ nerve fibres grow out ___ extending to all parts of the body. ___ end becomes ___ and remainder becomes ___ ___ |
neural tube; ectodermal; Ds; peripheral; laterally; Cr; brain; spinal cord |
n___ t___; e___; d___; p___; l___; c___; b___; s___ c___ |
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state the 3 distinct areas of the brain |
1 forebrain 2 midbrain 3 hindbrain |
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state the 3 parts of the forebrain |
1 cerebrum 2 thalamus 3 hypothalamus |
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the cerebrum consists of the L and R ___ ___, and contains __% of all the neurones in the entire NS |
cerebral hemispheres; 90% |
c___ h___; (number) |
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surface of hemispheres is ___ ___, which enables lrg s.a. to be enclosed within sml Cr cavity. the folds are known as ___ (upfolds), ___ (shallow depressions) and ___ (deep grooves) |
deeply folded; gyri; sulci; fissures |
d___ f___; g___; s___; f___ |
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the 2 hemispheres are divided by a ctrl prominent groove, the ___ ___, and each hemisphere is divided by ___ into 4 ___. each (blank 4) has a specific fn related to ___ ___ and ___ |
longitudinal fissure; sulci; lobes; conscious thought and action |
l___ f___; s___; l___; c___ t___ and a___ |
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the tissue of the hemispheres contains an outer layer of ___ matter known as the ___ ___, containing millions of neurones and an inner layer of ___ matter made of tracts of ___ ___ ___ linking one area to another |
grey, cerebral cortex; white; myelinated nerve fibres |
g___; c___ c___; w___; m___ n___ f___ |
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deeper in the hemisphere are grps of cell bodies forming ___ or ___ which act as relay stns collecting info and sending out ___ to a variety of areas |
ganglia; nuclei; impulses |
g___; n___; i___ |
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the ___ is found deep within the tissue of the Cd part of the ___, and its fn is to ___ ___ fr the sense organs and relay it to the ___ ___ |
thalamus; forebrain; process info; cerebral cortex |
t___; f___; p___ i___; c___ c___ |
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the ___ lies ___ to the thalamus and has several fns. it acts as a link bw the ___ and ___ systems. it ctrls the ___ ___ sys. it is a major influence over ___ in the body. |
hypothalamus; Vt; endocrine and nervous; automatic nervous; homeostasis |
h___; V___; e___ and n___; a___ n___; h___ |
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the hypothalamus acts as a link bw the endocrine and nervous sys by secreting a series of ___ ___ that are then stored in the ___ ___ |
releasing hormones; pituitary gland |
r___ h___; p___ g___ |
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the hypothalamus ctrls the automatic nervous sys by influencing a range of invol actions such as ___, ___, ___ and ___ |
sweating; shivering; vasodilation; vasoconstriction |
s___; s___; v___; v___ |
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the hypothalamus exerts a maj inf over homeostasis in the body by regulating 1) ___ of the body 2) ___ ___ of the ___ ___ 3) ___ of ___ and ___ ___ in the brain |
temp; osmotic balance of the body fluids; ctrl of thirst and hunger centres |
t___; o___ b___ of the b___ f___; c___ of t___ and h___ c___ |
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state the 3 structures that can be seen on the Vt surface of the brain |
1 optic chiasma 2 pituitary gland 3 olfactory bulbs |
OC; PG; OB |
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nerve impulses carried by the ___ ___ fr the R pass to the R side of the brain. they also pass to the L side of the brain, but thru the ___ ___ |
optic nerve; optic chiasma |
o___ n___; o___ c___ |
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the optic chiasma is an ___-shaped structure formed by the ___ of the ___ ___ from both eyes |
X-shaped structure; intersection; optic nerves |
first blank: single letter; i___; o___ n___ |
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the optic chiasma ensures that... (complete the sentence) |
info fr each eye reaches both sides of the brain |
ensures that smth fr smth reaches smth |
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the pituitary gland is an ___ gland attached below the ___ by a short stalk |
endocrine; hypothalamus |
e___; h___ |
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the olfactory bulbs are a pair of bulbs which form the most ___ part of the brain, and are resp for the sense of ___ or ___ |
rostral; smell; olfaction |
r___; s___; o___ |
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the midbrain is overhung by the ___ ___ and isnt easy to see in a ___ specimen |
cerebral hemispheres; gross |
c___ h___; g___ |
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the midbrain acts as a pathway for fibres running fr the ___ to the ___ carrying the senses of ___ and ___ |
hindbrain; forebrain; hearing and sight |
h___; f___; h___; s___ |
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state the 3 parts of the hindbrain |
1 cerebellum 2 pons 3 medulla oblongata |
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the ___ lies on the Ds surface of the hindbrain, has a ___ appearance and is covered in deep ___ |
cerebellum; globular; fissures |
c___; g___; f___ |
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the cerebellum ctrls ___ and ___; it rcvs info fr the ___ ___ of the ___ ear and ___ ___ within ___ mscs |
balance and coordination; semicircular canals; inner ear; msc spindles; skeletal mscs |
b___ and c___; s___ c___; i___ ear; m___ s___; s___ mscs |
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___ movements are initiated by the ___ and ___ ___ are made and coordinated by the ___ |
voluntary; cerebrum; fine adjustments; cerebellum |
v___; c___; f___ a___; c___ |
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the ___ lies ___ to the cerebellum and forms a bridge of nerve fibres bw the ___ ___; it contains ___ that ctrl ___ |
pons; Vt; cerebellar hemispheres; centres; respiration |
p___; V___; c___ h___; c___; r___ |
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the --- --- extends fr the --- and merges into the --- ---; it contains centes resp for --- of --- and --- --- |
medulla oblongata; pons; spinal cord; ctrl; resp; blood pressure |
m--- o---; p---; s--- c---; c---; r---; b--- p--- |
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the --- are spaces in the brain and spinal cord filled w --- --- (---), which also surrounds the outside of the brain, lying in the --- --- |
ventricles; cerebrospinal fluid (CSF); subarachnoid space |
v---; c--- f--- (acronym); s--- s--- |
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CSF is secreted by grps of blood capis known as --- --- lying in the roofs of the ventricles. CSF is a clear fluid resembling --- but has no --- in it; it is an eg of a --- fluid |
choroid plexuses; plasma; proteins; transcellular |
c--- p---; p---; p---; t--- |
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the fn of CSF is to --- the --- fr dmg by sudden movements or knocks and to provide --- to the --- tissue of the --- and --- --- |
protect the CNS; nutrients; nervous; brain and spinal cord |
p--- the acronym; n---; n---; b---; s--- c--- |
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the meninges consist of --- protective layers ard the --- and --- ---; they are (superficial to deep): --- --- --- --- --- |
3; brain and spinal cord; dura mater; arachnoid; pia mater |
number; b--- and s--- c---; d--- m---; a---; p--- m--- |
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the dura mater is a tough --- layer of --- tissue; it is continuous w the --- of the --- bones in the --- cavity |
fibrous; connective; periostium; skull; Cr |
f---; c---; p---; s---; C--- |
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in the ___ ___, there is a space bw the dura mater and the surrounding __, the ___ ___, which is filled w ___ ___ and ___ |
vertebral canal; vertebrae; epidural space; blood capis and fat |
v___ c___; v___; e___ s___; b___ c___ and f___ |
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the ___ is a network of ___ fibres and larger bld vessels which supply the adjacent area of nerve tissue w nutrients. below the (blank) is the ___ ___, in which ___ flows |
arachnoid; collagen; subarachnoid space; CSF |
a___; c___; s___ s___; acronym |
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the ___ ___ is a delicate ___ which closely adheres to the ___ and ___ ___. it all follows the ___ and ___ |
pia mater; membrane; brain and spinal cord; gyri and sulci |
p___ m___; m___; b___; s___ c___; g___ and s___ |
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the ___ ___ ___ is a modification of the ___ tissue which supports neuones within nervous tissue |
bld brain barrier; neuroglial |
b___ b___ b___; n___ |
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in the bld brain barrier, diff types of neuroglia surround e bld capis, creating an almost ___ layer to protect the ___ fr substances which are ___/not needed |
impermeable; brain; harmful |
i___; b___; h___ |
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substances blocked by the bld brain barrier inc ___, certain ___ and ___. other substances like ___, ___, ___ and ___ ions can pass rapidly thru for ___ of ___ tissues |
urea; proteins; antibiotics; oxygen, glucose, sodium and potassium; metabolism of brain tissues |
u___; p___; a___; o___; g___; s___; p___; m___ of b___ tissues |
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the ___ ___ is a tube running fr the ___ ___ of the brain, thru the ___ ___ of the vertebrae, where it then divides into several terminal spinal nerves forming the ___ ___ |
spinal cord; medulla oblongata; spinal canal; cauda equina |
s___ c___; m___ o___; s___ c___; c___ e___ |
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the spinal cord leaves the skull thru the largest foramen in the body, the ___ ___. it tapers fr its ___ to ___ end, but it thickens in the ___ ___ and ___ regions |
foramen magnum; Cr to Cd; Cd cervical and midlumbar |
f___ m___; C___; C___; C___ c___ and m___ |
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the thickening of the spinal cord corresponds to areas where collections or ___ of ___ (___ ___ and ___ ___) leave the spinal cord to supply the forelimbs and hindlimbs |
plexuses of nerves; cervical intumescence; lumbar intumescence |
p___ of n___; c___ i__; l___ i___ |
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the spinal cord develops segmentally in the ___, and each segment corresponds to a diff ___ and gives off a pair of ___ ___ - one to the R and one to the L |
embryo; vertebra; spinal nerves |
e___; v___; s___ n___ |
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the spinal nerves leave the vertebral canal thru the appt ___ ___ at each level. in cross-section, the spinal cord consists of the ___ ___, ___ matter and ___ matter |
intervertebral foramen; central canal; grey matter; white matter |
i___ f___; c___ c___; g___; w___ |
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the central canal leads (away from/towards) the ventricular sys of the brain. the central canal also contains ___ |
away from; CSF |
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in the cross section of the spinal cord, grey matter forms a ___-shaped core of tissue surrounding the central canal. it consists of cell bodies of ___ and non-___ ___ ___. most of the ___ in the spinal cord are located in the grey matter |
buttefly-shaped; neurones; non-myelinated nerve fibres; synapses |
b___-shaped; n___; non-m___ n___ f___; s___ |
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in the x-sxn of the spinal cord, white matter surrounds the ___ ___ and is coloured white by the ___. its organised into ___ of fibres carrying info towards (___ ___) and away from (___ ___) the ___. they ensure that transmission is ___ and ___ |
grey matter; myelin; tracts; ascending tracts; descending tracts; brain; efficient and rapid |
g___ m___; m___; t___; a___ t___; d___ t___; b___; e___ and r___ |
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the PNS consists of all the nerves branching off fr the ___, inc the ___ nerves, ___ nerves and ___ ___ sys |
CNS; Cr; spinal; autonomic nervous sys |
acronym; C___; s___; a___ n___ sys |
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there are 12 pairs of ___ ___, all arising fr the brain and leaving the Cr cavity by various foramina. majority supply structures ___ the head and are relatively ___, but some supply structures at a dist fr the pt at which they leave the brain, and are relatively ___ |
Cr nerves; around; short; long |
C___ n___; a___; s___; l___ |
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CNI is the ___ nerve |
olfactory |
o___ |
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CNII is the ___ nerve |
optic |
o___ |
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CNIII is the ___ nerve |
oculomotor |
o___ |
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CNIV is the ___ nerve |
trochlear |
t___ |
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CNV is the ___ nerve |
trigeminal |
t___ |
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CNVI is the ___ nerve |
abducens |
a___ |
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CNVII is the ___ nerve |
facial |
f___ |
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CNVIII is the ___/___ nerve |
vestibulocochlear/auditory |
v___/a___ |
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CNIX is the ___ nerve |
glossopharyngeal |
g__ |
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CNX is the ___ nerve |
vagus |
v___ |
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CNXI is the ___ nerve |
accessory |
a___ |
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CNXII is the ___ nerve |
hypoglossal |
h___ |
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the forelimb is supplied by spinal nerves fr ___ to ___, which make up the ___ ___ |
C6 to T2; brachial plexus |
C_ to T_; b___ p___ |
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the hindlimb is supplied by spinal nerves fr ___ to ___, which make up the ___ ___ |
L4 to S2; sacral plexus |
L_ to S_; s___ p___ |
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a ___ is a fixed invol resp to certain stimuli, and the response is ___ and ___ and involves only nerve pathways in the ___ ___. the basic structure is the ___ ___ |
reflex; rapid and autonomic; spinal cord; reflex arc |
r___; r___ and a___; s___ c___; r___ a___ |
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the reflex arc originates fr a ___ ___, which detects a change either in the ___ or within the ___. once stimulated to threshold, the (blank 1) sends an action potential along the ___ ___ and terminates in the ___ ___ of the spinal cord or brain stem |
sensory receptor; env; body; sensory neurone; grey matter
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s___ r___; e___; b___; s___ n___; g___ m___ |
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in the CNS grey matter, the sensory neurone synapses (verb) w other ___, which serve to integrate the incoming ___ ___ w other impulses fr other neurones |
interneurones; sensory impulse |
i___; s___ i___ |
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finally, the integrated resp of e reflex is sent out fr the spinal cord/brain stem by the ___ ___, which ends at the ___ ___ |
motor neurone; target organ |
m___ n___; t___ o___ |
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give 5 egs of reflex arcs |
1 patella reflex
2 pedal/digital withdrawal reflex 3 palpebral reflex 4 corneal reflex 5 pupillary light reflex |
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the autonomic sys is subdivided into the ___ nervous sys and the ___ nervous sys |
sympathetic; parasympathetic |
s___; p___ |
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the nerves for the sympathetic nervous sys emerge fr the ___ and ___ vertebral regions; so it is aka the ___ sys |
thoracic and lumbar; thoracolumbar |
t___ and l___; t___ |
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the nerves for the parasympathetic sys emerge fr the ___ and the ___ vertebral region, thus its aka the ___ sys |
brain; sacral; craniosacral |
b___; s___; c___ |
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the sympathetic nervous sys is often also called the "___ ___ ___" sys as it helps body cope w emergency situations. parasympathetic sys ___ strong excitatory effects, and ctrls everyday running of organs when body is in ___ state |
fight or flight; decreases; normal |
f___ o___ f___; d___; n___ |
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the ___ ___ of the sympathetic NS uses ___ as its principle neurotransmitter but also uses ___. the receptors that bind to these neurotransmitters are called ___ ___ |
postganglionic receptors; noradrenaline; adrenaline; adrenergic receptors |
p___ r___; n___; a___; a___ r___ |
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the parasympathetic NS uses ___ as its principle neurotransmitter, and so does the ___ neurone of the sympathetic NS. the receptors that bind to this neurotransmitter are called ___ ___ |
acetylcholine; preganglionic; cholinergic receptors |
a___; p___; c___ r__ |
