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156 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 3 functions of the nervous system?
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Sensory--> registering stimuli
Motor-->responding to stimuli Integrative-->analyzes sensory information |
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Two types of cells in the nervous system?
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Neurons
Neuroglia (glial cells) |
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Where do 75% of the body's neurons reside?
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In the cortex of the brain
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What is the function of neurons?
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To conduct nerve impulses throughout the system
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Two extensions off the cell body of a neuron?
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dendrites
axon |
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Dendrites
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receive the nerve impulse from an adjacent neuron or sensory receptor (impulse travels TOWARD the cell body)
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Axon
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Carries impulse AWAY from the cell body to an adjacent neuron, muscle or gland
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Where is the SYNAPTIC END BULB?
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At the end of an AXON. It connects to an adjacent neuron, muscle or gland via a space called a SYNAPSE
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What is MYELIN?
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A special insulating protein that enables an axon to conduct an impulse faster
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What are the nodes of Ranvier?
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tiny breaks in the myelin sheath surrounding an axon, occurring every 1 micrometer or so
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What is saltatory conduction?
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The skipping of action potential from node to node
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What are the three STRUCTURAL classifications of neurons and where are they found?
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Unipolar--in PNS ganglia
Bipolar--in eye and ear Multipolar--most common, in brain and spinal cord |
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What is the function of NEUROGLIA?
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To nurture, support and protect the neurons
--they do NOT conduct nerve impulses --found around and between neurons --there are 5 different types |
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What neuroglia cells produce the myelin sheath on an axon?
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Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes
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What is a nerve fiber?
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It is a general term for any neuronal process such as a dendrite or axon
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What is a nerve?
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A bundle of nerve fibers in the PNS.
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What is a collection of nerve fibers in the CNS called?
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a tract or column
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What is the function of a nerve fiber?
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to carry a nerve impulse to another nerve, an effector or a tract
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What is a peripheral nerve made up of?
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A bundle of axons wrapped around each other
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Name the layers of connective tissue in the nervous system.
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Endoneurium--wrap each individual axon
Perineurium--wrap collections of axons called fascicles Epineurium--wrap the entire group of fascicles |
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What is resting membrane potential?
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-70 millivolts: the difference between the charge outside and inside a nerve cell at rest
(more sodium outside the cell and more potassium inside means more negative charge inside |
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What makes up the PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM?
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Everything but the brain and spinal cord (cranial nerves, spinal nerves)
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How is a nerve cell membrane DEPOLARIZED?
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Sodium channels open, letting sodium rush into the cell, until it reaches equilibrium
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How is a nerve cell membrane REPOLARIZED?
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Potassium channels open, allowing potassium to rush out. The charge on the cell is reversed, until the ATPase pump sends the sodium back out and the potassium back in
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What is a nerve impulse?
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A series of sodium and potassium channels opening and closing along a neuron
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Name 5 factors affecting nerve impulse conduction?
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-Diameter of the nerve
-temperature of the nerve -myelination -compression -blood supply |
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What makes up the WHITE MATTER of the brain?
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Myelinated axons
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What makes up the GREY MATTER of the brain?
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cell bodies, neuroglia, dendrites and unmyelinated axons
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Collections of cell bodies in the CNS are called...?
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nuclei or ganglia
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Collections of cell bodies in the PNS are called...?
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ganglia
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What are the four basic regions of the brain?
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-Brainstem
-Diencephalon -Cerebellum -Cerebrum |
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What area of the brain is closes to the spinal cord?
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Brainstem
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What separates the spinal cord from the brainstem?
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the foramen magnum
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Which part of the brain is also called the "old" or "reptilian" brain?
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Brainstem
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What are the parts of the brainstem?
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-the medulla oblongata
-pons -midbrain |
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What are the function of the MEDULLA OBLONGATA?
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regulating cardiovascular and respiratory systems and the rythmicity center (breathing). Also swallowing, vomiting, coughing, sneezing and hiccuping
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Which area of the brain is the floor of the fourth ventricle?
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the pons
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Where is the DIENCEPHALON found?
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It begins at the midbrain and surrounds the third ventricle
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What are the three parts of the DIENCEPHALON?
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PINEAL GLAND
THALAMUS HYPOTHALAMUS |
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What is the major switchboard for the brain?
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Thalamus
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What is the function of the HYPOTHALAMUS?
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It controls the Autonomic nervous system at all times except under extreme emotional stress
-hormones, body temp, sleep-wake cycle, etc |
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What is the second largest area of the brain, and what is its function?
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The cerebellum
It turns relevant sensory information into coordinated and finely skilled movements, and maintains blance and posture |
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How do the two hemispheres of the cerebrum communicate with each other?
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via a white matter tract called the corpus callosum
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What are the four lobes of the cerebrum?
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FRONTAL, TEMPORAL, PARIETAL, OCCIPITAL
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What is the cerebral cortex?
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The outer 2-4mm of grey matter, which is filled with billions of neurons
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What are GYRI?
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rounded folds in the cerebral cortex
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What are SULCI?
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shallow grooves in the cerebral cortex
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Where is the primary SOMATOSENSORY area located?
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On the post-central gyrus
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Where is the primary SOMATOMOTOR area located?
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Pre-central gyrus
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Name the meningeal layers of the brain and spinal cord, from superficial to deep:
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-Dura mater
-Arachnoid membrane -pia mater |
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Where is CEREBROSPINAL FLUID formed and how?
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specialized cells in the choroid plexus of the ventricles filter it out of the blood
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What are the functions of CEREBROSPINAL FLUID?
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-nourish the brain and spinal cord
-protect against physical and chemical injuries, facilitate transmission of nerve impulses |
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What are the ventricles of the brain?
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fluid-filled spaces connected by aqueducts or foramina. They contain the CHOROID PLEXUS
-lateral, third, and fourth |
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What is the blood-brain barrier made of?
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tightly packed capillaries and neuroglial cells called ASTROCYTES
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Where are cranial nerves found?
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Mostly on the brainstem, outside the CNS, and so are part of the PNS
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Name the 12 CRANIAL NERVES in order:
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OLFACTORY, OPTIC, OCULOMOTOR, TROCHLEAR, TRIGEMINAL, ABDUCENS, FACIAL, VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR, GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL, VAGUS, ACCESSORY, HYPOGLOSSAL
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What is the function of the OLFACTORY NERVE?
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SENSORY--SMELL
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What is the function of the OPTIC NERVE?
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SENSORY--SIGHT
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What is the function of the TRIGEMINAL NERVE?
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mastication, touch, pain and temperature
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What are the functions of the FACIAL NERVE?
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facial expression, saliva and tears, muscle sense, taste
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What are the functions of the VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE?
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SENSORY--HEARING
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What are the functions of the VAGUS NERVE?
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smooth muscle innervation, digestive fluids, sensory info from internal organs
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Name the plexi of spinal nerves (4):
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-cervical plexus (C1-C4)
-brachial plexus (C5-T1) -lumbar plexus (T2-L4) -sacral plexus (L4-S4) |
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What nerve is associated with the cervical plexus?
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Phrenic
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What nerves are associated with the brachial plexus?
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axillary
radial ulnar median musculocutaneous |
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How many spinal nerves are there?
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31 pairs
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What nerves are associated with the lumbar plexus?
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femoral and obturator
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What nerve is associated with the sacral plexus?
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sciatic
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What happens to a spinal nerve once is passes through the intervertebral foramen?
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It divides into four branches called RAMI
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What are the four types of spinal nerve RAMI?
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-ventral
-dorsal -meningeal branch -rami communicantes |
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What are the four important spinal reflexes?
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-stretch
-tendon -withdrawal -crossed extensor |
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What is the CHOROID PLEXUS?
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A network of brain capillaries. CSF is formed from fluid filtering out of the blood in the choroid plexus and into the ventricles
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In an adult, the spinal cord ends at which vertebra?
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L2
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Where would the sensory information enter the spinal cord?
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dorsal root
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Where would motor information be carried?
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ventral root
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What is found in the dorsal root ganglia?
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somatic sensory cell bodies
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A nerve plexus is formed by which branch of the spinal nerve?
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ventral ramus
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Which branch of a spinal nerve services the autonomic nervous system?
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rami communicantes
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What is the function of the central canal of the spinal cord?
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to carry cerebrospinal fluid
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Which column or tract carries the fastest sensory information?
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posterior column
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Where does the spinal cord begin?
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Medulla Oblongata
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What area of the brain controls coordinated motor movement and is located posteriorly?
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Cerebellum
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What area of the brain is concerned with breathing and heart rate?
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medulla oblongata
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What area of the brain controls the autonomic nervous system?
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Hypothalamus
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What area of the brain is responsible for creativity, curiosity and imagination?
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Cerebrum
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What area of the brainstem connects the brain to the spinal cord at the foramen magnum?
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Medulla oblongata
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What area of the brain do we most need for posture and balance?
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Cerebellum
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What areas of the brain contain cell bodies?
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corpus callosum
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Are cranial nerves part of the peripheral or central nervous system?
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peripheral
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A nerve plexus is formed by which branch of the spinal nerve?
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ventral ramus
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What branch of a spinal nerve services the autonomic nervous system?
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rami communicantes
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What is the function of the ventricles of the brain?
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to produce and circulate cerebrospinal fluid
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Which of the four branches of a spinal nerve is associated with the regions in the front of the body and extremities?
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ventral ramus
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Which spinal nerve is concerned with the sense of smell?
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olfactory?
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What are the two organs of the CNS?
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brain and spinal cord
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What is white matter made up of?
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myelinated axons
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Nerve impulses travel along myelinated axons at the...?
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nodes of ranvier
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Nerve impulses are sent toward the cell body by...?
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dendrites
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What makes up a spinal or cranial nerve?
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bundles of dentrites, axons and nerve fibers wrapped with CT
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What is resting membrane potential?
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-70 mvolts
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What happens during depolarization?
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Na (sodium) rushes in
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Muscle spindles are types of...?
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proprioceptors
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The voluntary motor system is also called...?
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somatic
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What happens next after depolarization of a neuron?
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potassium rushes out of the cell
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What are the two branches of the peripheral nervous system?
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somatic and autonomic
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Which type of neurons conduct impulses for the CNS to somatic effectors?
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somatic motor neurons
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What is a cluster of cell bodies (neurons) in the CNS called?
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ganglion
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What is a cluster of cell bodies (neurons) in the PNS called?
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ganglion
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What type of neuron connnects sensory neurons to motor neurons?
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integrative neurons
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Where does the spinal cord end in an adult?
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L2
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Bell's palsy is caused by a lesion in the...?
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facial nerve (cranial nerve 7)
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How many pairs of spinal nerves are in the body?
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31
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How many pairs of cranial nerves are in the body?
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12
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Which area of the brain controls balance and coordinates movement?
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cerebellum
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What area of the brain is responsible for personality and imagination?
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cerebrum
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What is another name for pain receptors?
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nociceptors
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What structure connects the 3rd ventricle of the brain to the 4th ventricle?
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cerebral aqueduct
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What is the region of the brain that routes incoming sensory and motor signals to and from the proper lobes of the cerebrum?
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thalamus
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If a client were having trouble with the muscles of chewing, which cranial nerve would be affected?
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trigeminal
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What is the chemical responsible for repolarization of the neuron?
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potassium
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What are the effectors of the somatic nervous system?
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skeletal muscle
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What area of the brain controls the activity of the autonomic nervous system?
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hypothalamus
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Which cells manufacture myelin?
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Schwann cells
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Where does sensory information enter the spinal cord?
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dorsal root
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Where is motor information carried in the spinal cord?
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ventral root
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What is found in the dorsal root ganglia?
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sensory neuron cell bodies
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Where does the cerebral spinal fluid circulate?
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the subarachnoid space
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Where is the primary somatosensory area?
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postcentral gyrus
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Where does motor information traveling from the brain to the somatic nerves travel?
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in the pyramidal pathways
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The layer of the meninges closest to the spinal cord is...?
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pia mater
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The structure that makes cerebrospinal fluid is...?
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choroid plexus
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Which area of the brain is responsible for strong emotions and attaching them to a memory?
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limbic system
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Which spinal tract carries information regarding pain?
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spinothalamic tract
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What are reflexes?
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quick responses to changes in the environment
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Name the pathology of inflamed dura mater?
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meningitis
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Nerveimpulses travel away from the cell body via the ... ?
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axon
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What is the sheath around some axons for faster transmission rates?
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myelin
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Why is tapotement given at pre-event sports massage?
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stimulates nerves
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What patholoy is characterized by gradual degeneration of the myelin sheaths in the spinal cord and brain?
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multiple sclerosis (MS)
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Where does the brain exit the skull and become the spinal cord?
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foramen magnum
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If the spinal cord is severed at the level of T5, what is the result?
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unable to move legs
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What would be the result of damage to a ventral nerve root?
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loss of motor function
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What neurons conduct signals to the CNS?
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sensory neurons
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In what part of the CNS are reflexes most often processed?
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spinal cord
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On which spinal cord tracts do light touch massage sensations travel?
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posterior columns
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What do you call peripheral nerves that innervate/travel to the skeletal muscles and skin?
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somatic
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The femoral nerve is part of what nerve plexus?
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lumbar
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Where do most neuron cell bodies live?
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ventral horn
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What nerve would be involved in media left forearm pain?
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ulnar nerve
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What portion of a nerve is always unmyelinated?
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cell body
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What is the best stroke for peripheral neuritis?
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vibration
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What area of the cerebrum initiates voluntary movement
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precentral gyrus
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What is a thin groove in the cerebrum called?
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sulcus
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What are neurons whose dendrites, cell bodies and axons are contained entirely within the CNS called?
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integrative neurons
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What cranial nerve is dedicated to autonomic nervous system function?
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cranial nerve X
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What cranial nerve controls constriction and dilation of the pupil?
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cranial nerve III
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