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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
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-Nerves that carry sensory info to the brain and spinal cord
-Carry motor commands to muscles and glands |
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What is the Central nervous system (CNS)
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-Brain and the spinal cord
-Interprets sensory input -Coordinates a response |
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What is in nervous tissue?
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neurons and neuroglial cells
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Neuron structure
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-Dendrites (recieve signals)
-Cell body (contains the organelles -Axon (transmits signals using the neurotransmitters) |
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Neuroglial cells
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-Nourish and support the neurons
-9:1 ratio -Source of neurological problems |
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Myelin Sheath
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-Some axons are covered by this fatty tissue
-Myelin speeds the transmission of signals and insulates the axons (450 mph!) -In the PNS, nerve regeneration occurs b/c the myelin sheath remains when nerves are severed allowing the nerve to re-grow |
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Sensory neurons
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-In the PNS
-Transmits signals from sensory receptor to spinal cord |
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Motor neurons
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-In the PNS
-Transmits signals from the spinal cord to muscles or glands |
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Interneuron
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-Within the CNS
-Transmits signals between neurons (sensory and other interneurons) |
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Peripheal Nervous Sytem contains:
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-Nerves (bundles of axons) and ganglia (collection of cell bodies) outside the CNS
-Broken down into 2 systems: somatic and autonomic |
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Somatic system
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-the nerves take sensory info from receptors to CNS and commands from CNS to skeletal muscles
-Serves the skin, skeletal muscles, and tendons -voluntary response -info from brain -involuntary response -info from spinal cord |
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Autonomic System
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-Regulates activity of cardiac and smooth muscle (heart, digestive, urinary, glands, etc.)
-Involuntary @ divisions within (Sympathetic & Parasympathetic) |
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Sympathetic division
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-Response from middle of spinal cord
-"fight or flight" mode -increase heart rate, dilate bronchi, inhibits digestion |
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Parasympathetic division
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-Response from top/bottom of spinal cord
-relax state, pupils contract -promotes digestion -slows heart rate |
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Peripheral Nervous system (nerves)
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-Lies outside the CNS
-Sensory nerves carry info to CNS while motor neurons carry info away from the CNS -12 cranial nerves -31 spinal nerves -Plus all other nerves in the body |
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Central Nervous system composition
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-Brain & spinal cord
-Protected by bone -Covered by membrane called meninges -Cerebrospinal fluid fills the spaces between the meninges Why fluid? -Cushion and Lubrication |
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What are the two types of nervous tissue in the CNS
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Gray matter and White matter
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Gray matter
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-Gray in color
-Contains cell bodies and short non-myelinated fibers |
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White matter
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-White
-Contains myelinated axons that run together in bundles (transfers info to the brain) |
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The spinal cord
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Cross section of spinal cord shows three parts: gray matter, white matter, and a central canal
-Central canal and meninges are filled w/ cerebrospinal fluid -The gray matter is centrally located in the shape of an "H" -The white matter is around the outsides of the gray matter |
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The spinal cord (nerves)
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-Sensory nerves enter spinal cord
-Motor nerves exit spinal ord -In the white matter of the spinal cord, ascending tracts carry info to brain while descending tracts carry info from brain NOTE: Both sensory and motor neurons are found collectively in the spinal nerves |
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Pathway of an impulse normally travels...
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Sensory receptors->sensory nerves->interneurons-> ascending tracts in spinal cord->brain->descending tracts in spinal cord-> interneurons->motor nerves-> muscle or gland
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Reflex arcs (pathway)
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Sensory receptor->sensory nerves-> spinal cord->motor nerves-> muscle or gland
*Paralysis occurs when the spinal cord is severed or pinched |
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The Brain (pathway)
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Spinal cord-> brain stem (Medulla Oblongata, Pons, and midbrain)-> cerebellum-> dienchphalon (hypothalamus and thalamus)-> cerebrum
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The brain stem
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Helps to keep us alert
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Medulla Oblongata
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regulates heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure
reflex for vomiting, coughing, sneexing, hiccupping, swallowing |
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Pons
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-"bridge"
-bundles of axons connect to the nerves/brain -reflex for head movements w/ visual/auditory stimuli |
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Midbrain
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-relay station
-reflex for visual, auditory, and tactile responses |
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Cerebellum
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-Maintains posture, balance, muscle tone, and skeletal muscles
-Coordinates voluntary movements -Helps us learn new motor skills -Sensory and motor information |
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Diencephalon
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-Includes glands (Endocrine)
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Hypothalamus
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-Regulates hunger, sleep, thirst, body temp., an water balance and controls the pituitary gland
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Thalamus
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-Relays sensory info to different parts of the cerebrum and is involved with memory and emotions
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Pineal gland
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-Secretes melatonin
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The Cerebrum
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*largest part of the brain*
-Recieves sensory input and integrates the info before commanding a voluntary motor response -Communicates w/ and coordinates the activities of other parts of brain -Carries out the higher thought processes needed for learning, memory, language, and speech -Sulcus-groove that divides the brain into two halves |
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Cerebral cortex
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-thin layer of convoluted, gray matter that covers the cerebral hemispheres
-Responsible for sensation, voluntary movement, and thought processes assoc. with consciousness. deep memory |
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What areas are in the frontal lobe? (4)
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1. Primary motor area
2. Premotor area 3. Broca's area 4. Prefrontal area |
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Primary motor area
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Sends impulses to SKELETAL MUSCLES
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Premotor area
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Organizes MOTOR FUNCTIONS for skilled motor activities
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Broca's area
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Coordinates SPEECH
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Prefrontal area
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Recieves info from other assoc. areas and uses it to REASON and plan our actions
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What areas are in the parietal lobe? (2)
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1. Primary somatosensory area
2. Primary taste area |
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Primary somatosensory area
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Sensory info from SKIN and SKELETAL MUSCLE arrives here
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Primary taste area
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Responsible for our TASTE SENSATIONS
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What areas are in the occipital lobe? (2)
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1. Primary visual area
2. Visual association area |
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Primary visual area
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Recieves sensory input from the EYES
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What areas are in the temporal lobe? (3)
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1. Auditory association area
2. Primary auditory area 3. Wernicke's area |
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Auditory association area
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AUDITORY info is processed and analyzed
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Primary auditory area
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Recieves sensory input from our ears
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Wernickes area
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Recieves sensory info needed to LEARN HOW TO SPEAK
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Structure of the brain
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-The cerebral cortex is gray matter
-Underneath is white matter -Descending tracts from the primary motor area communicate with lower brain centers -Ascending tracts from lower brain centers send sensory info up to the primary somatosensory area -These tracts cross over in the medulla -Plus, tracts w/in the cerebrum transfer info btw the different sensory, motor, and association areas |
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Left hemisphere
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-Verbal skills
-Logical and analytical skills -Rational and specific |
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Right hemisphere
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-Nonverbal, visual-spatial skills
-Intuitive -Creative and global |
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Memory
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-Ability to hold a thought in mind or recall events from the past
Can be divided into time or subject groups: -Short term vs. Long term memory |
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Semantic memory
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numbers, words, and language
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episodic memory
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people
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Skill memory
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perform motor skills
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Learning
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Occurs when we retain and utilize past memories
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Impulse
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movement of ions
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Polarization
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formation and ending of impulse
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What are the steps of the nerve impulse
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1. Depolarization (to form an impulse)
2. Na+ enters axon, change charges, to -65 out/+45 in, Action Potential state, impulse is formed 3. Repolarization (to end impulse) 4. K+ exits axon 5. Charge changes, to -65 in/+45 out, Resting Potential state, impulse stops |
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Synapse
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The region where one neuron (nerve cell) meets the next neuron
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Synaptic cleft
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the space between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of the next neuron
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The role of neurotransmitters:
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-An impulse travels down the length of the axon
-At the end of the axon, neurotransmitters are released across the synaptic cleft (across the synapse) to the next neuron -These chemicals either "excite" or "inhibit" the transmission of the impulse -Neurotransmitters are broken down and recycled immediately |
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Drugs can...
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-Enhance or block the release of neurotransmitters
-Mimic the action of a neurotransmitter -Block the receptor -Interfere with the breakdown and recycling of a neurotransmitter |
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Why do charges go from electrical to chemical during a synapse?
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-So all can be moved into next neuron, so the message stays intact
-Electicity disperses in water EVR |
