The Nervous System

Front 1

CNS

Back 1

Central Nervous System

Brain and Spinal Cord

Front 2

PNS

Back 2

Peripheral Nervous System

Cranial and Spinal Nerves

Front 3

3 Kinds of Nerves

Back 3

Afferent, Inter-neurons and Efferent

Front 4

Afferent

Back 4

Sensory, carry impulses from the body to the CNS

Front 5

Inter-neurons

Back 5

Carry impulses from afferent to efferent neurons

Front 6

Efferent

Back 6

Motor- carry impulses from CMS to muscles and glands

Front 7

SNS

Back 7

Somatic Nervous system, voluntary, controls skeletal muscles, part of the PNS

Front 8

ANS

Back 8

Autonomic Nervous System, involuntary, controls smooth muscles and glands

Part of the PNS,

Front 9

ANS contains 2 types of nerves

Back 9

Sympathetic and Parasymptheic

Front 10

Sympathetic

Back 10

Responds to Fight or Flight response, increased HR and increased BP

Front 11

Papasympathetic

Back 11

Decreases HR returning body back to normal

Front 12

2 main types of nerve cells found in nerve tissue

Back 12

Neurons and Neuroglia

Front 13

Neurons

Back 13

Functional unit of the nervous system, cell body, axon, and one or more dendrites

Front 14

Myelin

Back 14

Covering of some neurons, helps speed the transmission of an impulse

Front 15

Axon

Back 15

Covered by myelin sheath, make up white matter

Axons not covered by sheath make up gray matter

Front 16

Dendrites

Back 16

Carry impulses towards the cell body

Front 17

Axons

Back 17

Carry impulses away from the body

Front 18

Synapse

Back 18

Space between 2 neurons where impulses cross

Front 19

Neurotransmitters

Back 19

Chemical released from one neuron through the synapse to another

Front 20

Neuroglia

Back 20

type of connective tissue, provide support for the nervous system, they do not conduct impulses- they protect through phagocytosis

Front 21

4 Types of Neurological Cells

Back 21

Astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells and Oligodendrocytes

Front 22

Astrocytes

Back 22

Star shaped. most numerous, only in CNS, wrap around brains blood capillaries forming a tight sheath

Front 23

Blood brain Barrier

Back 23

Protects the brain from harmful substances in the blood, made up of sheath and wall if capillary

Front 24

Microglia

Back 24

Branches extending from cell body, digest debris and pathogens

Front 25

Ependymal cells

Back 25

Line cavities in the brain and spinal cord

Front 26

Oligodendrocytes

Back 26

Covers axons to form myelin sheath- speeds the conduction of nerve impulses

Front 27

Meninges

Back 27

Pia matter, arachnoid membrane, dura mater

Protective membranes that cover the CNS

Front 28

Pia Mater

Back 28

Tightly bound to the surface of the brain and spinal cord

Front 29

Arachnoid membrane

Back 29

Resembles spider web

Front 30

Subarachnoid space

Back 30

Under the arachnoid membrane, holds the CSF

Front 31

CSF

Back 31

Protects the brain and spinal cord, shock absober and provides nutrients

Front 32

Dura Mater

Back 32

Tough white connective tissue, outermost layer

Front 33

Cerebrum

Back 33

Largest part of the brain, contains many gyri and sulci

Front 34

Gyri (sing. gyrus)

Back 34

Elevations of the Cerebrum

Front 35

Sulci (sing. sulcus)

Back 35

grooves of the cerebrum

Front 36

Cerebellum

Back 36

Behind the brain stem (balance)

Front 37

Brain Stem

Back 37

connects the brain to the spinal cord

Front 38

Acetylcholine

Back 38

Neurotrasmitters

Front 39

Anesthia

Back 39

without feeling or sensation

Front 40

Aneurysm

Back 40

Weakening and dilation of the wall of an artery

Front 41

Aphasia

Back 41

inability to communicate because of an injury to the brain

Front 42

Astrocytoma

Back 42

Tumor of the brain or spinal cord, made up of astrocytes

Front 43

Ataxia

Back 43

Without muscle coordination

Front 44

Bradykinesia

Back 44

abnormally slow movememt

Front 45

Brudzinski's Sign

Back 45

Positive sign of meningitis- involuntary flexion of the arm, hip, and knee when the patients neck is passively flexed

Front 46

Burr Hole

Back 46

hole drilled into the skull

Front 47

Cauda equina

Back 47

lower end of spinal cordand roots of spinal nerves – horse’s tail

Front 48

Cephalalgia

Back 48

headache

Front 49

Cerebrospinal fluid

Back 49

found in the ventriclesof brain and spinal cord – for protection

Front 50

Cheyne-Stokes respiration

Back 50

abnormal breathingpattern – apnea followed by deep, rapid breathing

Front 51

Dementia

Back 51

progressive,irreversible deteriorating memory

Front 52

Deficit

Back 52

any deficiency orvariation of the normal – ex. neurological deficit - CVA

Front 53

Diplopia

Back 53

double vision

Front 54

Dysphasia

Back 54

Difficult Speech

Front 55

Embolism

Back 55

blood clot (embolus)becomes lodged in a blood vessel

Front 56

Gail

Back 56

Style of walking

Front 57

Hemiparesis

Back 57

slight or partialparalysis of one half of the body

Front 58

Hemiplegia

Back 58

paralysis of one half ofthe body

Front 59

Kernig’s sigN

Back 59

positive sign ofmeningitis – inability to extend the leg completely when the leg is at a rightangle to the body when the person is sitting or lying

Front 60

Lethargy

Back 60

a state of being sluggish

Front 61

Narcolepsy

Back 61

uncontrolled, sudden attacks of sleep

Front 62

Nuchal rigidity

Back 62

stiff neck – seen inpatient’s with meningitis

Front 63

Occlusion

Back 63

blockage

Front 64

Palliative

Back 64

soothing

Front 65

Paresthesia

Back 65

numbness of tingling

Front 66

Paraplegia

Back 66

paralysis of the lowerextremities, usually due to spinal cord injuries

Front 67

Radiculectomy

Back 67

surg. removal of aspinal nerve root to relieve pain

Front 68

Sciatica

Back 68

inflammation of thesciatic nerve

Front 69

Shunt

Back 69

tube to redirectfluid

Front 70

Thrombosis

Back 70

clot develops in a blood vessel

Front 71

Ventricle

Back 71

hollow space filled withCSF

Front 72

Bell’s palsy

Back 72

temporary or permanentparalysis of the muscles on one side of the face

Front 73

Carpal tunnelsyndrome

Back 73

pinching of the median nerve within thecarpal tunnel

Due to inflammation of tendons

Front 74

Cerebral palsy(CP)

Back 74

-congenital brain damage

-Lack of control of voluntary muscles due tolack of O2 at birth

Front 75

Cerebrovascularaccident (CVA)

Back 75

death of a portion ofbrain tissue because of ischemia, also called stroke

Front 76

Degenerativedisk disease

Back 76

deterioration of theintervertebral disks

Front 77

Grand malseizure

Back 77

tonic-clonic seizure,sudden LOC, involuntary muscle contraction and rigid body extensionedIn=true

Front 78

Petit malseizure

Back 78

small seizures, LOClasting a few seconds

Front 79

Guillain-Barre syndrome

Back 79

acute polyneuritis (inflam. ofmany nerves) – myelin sheaths in PNS are destroyed. Usually follows viralgastrointestinal or respiratory infection.

Front 80

Hydrocephalus

Back 80

abnormal increase CSF inthe ventricles

Front 81

Meningitis

Back 81

inflammation of themeninges – bacterial or viral infection

Front 82

Multiplesclerosis (MS)

Back 82

-degenerativeinflammatory disease of the CNS attacking the myelin sheath

-Leaves it sclerosed (hardened) or scarred

No cure – meds can prolong remissions

Front 83

Myastheniagravis

Back 83

chronic progressiveneuromuscular disorder causing severe muscle weakness (atrophy) – autoimmune –antibodies attack Ach receptor sites

Front 84

Babinski’s reflex

Back 84

causes dorsiflexion whenthe sole of the foot is stroked (tests if there is disease of upper motorneurons)

Front 85

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

Back 85

measures the electricalactivity of the brain

Front 86

Romberg test

Back 86

used to evaluatecerebellar function – testing balance

Front 87

Lumbar puncture (LP)

Back 87

extracting CSF usuallybetween the 3rd and 4thlumbar vertebrae, can diagnose many disorders

Front 88

Laminectomy

Back 88

removal of bony archesfrom 1 or more vertebrae to relieve pressure

Front 89

CT

Back 89

computerized tomography

Front 90

MRI

Back 90

magnetic resonance imaging

Front 91

PET

Back 91

positron emission tomography

Front 92

TENS

Back 92

transcutaneous electrical nervestimulation

Front 93

TIA

Back 93

transient ischemic attack

Front 94

Absence Seizure

Back 94

a small seizure in which there is a sudden temporary loss of consciousnesses lasting only a few seconds

Front 95

Agnosia

Back 95

Loss of mental ability to understand SENSORY STIMULI even though the sensory organs are functioning properly

Front 96

Agraphia

Back 96

the inability to convert ones thoughts into writing

Front 97

Alexia

Back 97

the inability to understand written words

Front 98

Analgesia

Back 98

without sensitivity to pain

Front 99

Apraxia

Back 99

inability to perform coordinated movements or use objects properly, not associated with sensory or motor impairment or paralysis

Front 100

Aura

Back 100

the sensation an individual experiences prior to the onset of a migraine headache or seizure. May be a sensation of light or warmth and may precede the attack by hours or only a few seconds

Front 101

Causalgia

Back 101

A sensation of an acute burning pain along the path of a peripheral nerve, sometimes accompanied by erythema of the skin, due to injury to peripheral nerve fibers

Front 102

Cerebral concussion

Back 102

brief interruption of brain function, usually loss of consciousness lasting for a few seconds. Transient loss of consciousness is usually caused by blunt trauma to the head

Front 103

Cerebral cortex

Back 103

Thin outer layer if nerve tissue, know as grey matter that covers the surface of the cerebrum

Front 104

Cerebral Contisuion

Back 104

Small scattered venous hemorrhages in the brain, bruise of the brain tissue occurring when the brain strikes into the inner skull

Front 105

cERVICAL RADIOCULOPATHY

Back 105

any disease of the spinal nerve roots in the neck, caused by pressure on the nerve roots

Front 106

Coma

Back 106

deep sleep in which an individual cannot be aroused and does not respond to outside stimuli

Front 107

Contracture

Back 107

permanent shortening of a muscle causing a joint to remain in an abnormally flexed position, with resultant physical deformity