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222 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The study of the functions and disorders of the nervous system.
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Neurology
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Two divisions of the nervous system:
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1) Central
2) Peripheral |
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Detect stimuli (changes) inside the body - respond to stimuli by generating nerve impulses along sensory or afferent neurons that travel into the spinal cord and brain.
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Sensory Input
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Integrate or process sensory information.
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Interpretive Functions
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Response to muscle tissue or glands.
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Motor Output
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Responsible for mental processes cognition and memory as well as emotions.
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Higher Mental Functioning and Emotional Responses
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Primarily concerned with interpreting incoming sensory information & issuing instructions in the form of motor responses. The major control center for thoughts and emotional experiences.
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Central Nervous System (CNS)
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Major components of the CNS: (List 4)
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1) Brain (cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon and brainstem
2) Meninges 3) Cerebrospinal fluid 4) Spinal chord |
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These structures are surrounded by the bones of the skull and spinal column.
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CNS
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Composed of the cranial and spinal nerves emerging from the CNS.
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PNS
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Originate from the brain.
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Cranial Nerves
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Exit from the spinal chord.
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Spinal Nerves
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How many pairs of nerves does the PNS have?
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43 pairs:
12 pairs of cranial 31 pairs of spinal |
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The PNS can be subdivided into two systems.
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Somatic & the Autonomic Nervous Systems
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Has sensory neurons that carry information from bones, muscles, joints and the skin as well as from sensory receptors for the special senses of vision, hearing, taste and smell into the CNS.
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Somatic Nervous System
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What in the SNS carry impulses from the CNS out to skeletal muscles.
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Motor Neurons
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Motor responses that can be consciously controlled.
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Voluntary
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Voluntary, info to and from bones, muscles, joints and skin.
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Somatic Nervous System
(SNS) |
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Involuntary, info to and from smooth muscle, cardiac muscles, gland and organs.
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Autonomic Nervous System
(ANS) |
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Fight or flight.
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Sympathetic
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Rest and digest, active under calm conditions.
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Parasympathetic
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Connective tissue that supports, nourishes, protects, insulates and organizes neurons.
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Neuroglia
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Connective tissue of the CNS is composed of: (List 4)
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1) Astocytes
2) Ependymocytes 3) Microglia 4) Oligodendrocytes |
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Support and blood-brain barrier.
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Astrocytes
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Line cranial ventricles and central canal.
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Ependymocytes
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Destroys pathogens.
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Microglia
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Produce myelin sheaths.
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Oligodendrocytes
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Connective tissue of the PNS is composed of: (List 2)
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1) Satellite Cells
2) Schwann Cells |
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Support around neuron cell bodies in ganglia.
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Satellite Cells
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Produce myelin sheaths.
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Schwann Cells
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Fatty insulating sheaths that surround axons of nerves.
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Myelin Sheaths
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Nerve cells.
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Neurons
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Properties of Neurons: (List 2)
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1) Excitability
2) Conductibility |
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Ability to respond to a stimulus and convert it to an impulse.
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Excitability
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Ability to transmit impulses.
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Conductibility
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Parts of a Neuron: (List 3)
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1) Dendrites
2) Cell Body (Cyton) 3) Axon |
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Short branches that receive and transmit stimuli toward cell body.
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Dendrites
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Contain nucleus and organelles.
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Cell body (Cyton)
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Long branch that carries impulse away from the cell body.
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Axon
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Parts of a Axon: (List 5)
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1) Synaptic Bulbs
2) Synaptic Vescicles 3) Telodendria 4) Myelin Sheath 5) Nodes of Ranvier |
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Terminal ends that contain synaptic vescicle.
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Synaptic Bulbs
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Produce and store neurotransmitters.
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Synaptic Vescicles
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Fine filaments at end of axon.
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Telodendria
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White fatty covering that insulate axons to increase speed of conduction.
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Myelin Sheath
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Gaps in myelin sheath that can increase impulse speed as impulse jumps from node to node.
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Nodes of Ranvier
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Classifications of Nerves: (List 5)
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1) Sensory
2) Interneurons 3) Motor 4) Reflex Arc 5) Neurons to Nerves |
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In PNS carry impulses from sensory receptors to CNS.
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Sensory Neurons
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In CNS connect sensory neurons to motor neurons and vice versa; integrate (process) sensory info, analyze it, store it and make decisions about appropriate responses.
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Interneurons
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In PNS carry impulses from CNS that activate or inhibit effectors (muscles or glands).
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Motor Neurons
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Simplest functional unit of the nervous system that consist of afferent neuron, interneuron and efferent neuron.
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Reflex Arc
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Instantaneous, automatic response to a stimulus, short and quick, bypasses the brain.
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Reflex
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Name three (3) different types of reflexes:
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1) Somatic
2) Visceral 3) Physiopathological |
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Responsible for contraction of skeletal muscles.
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Somatic Reflex
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Maintain homeostasis and is responsible for contraction of smooth and cardiac muscle as wells as glands.
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Visceral Reflex
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Abnormal reflex caused by increased stimuli or increase in amount of afferent impulses entering the cord (can lead to trigger point formation causing pain-spasm-pain cycle).
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Physiopathological Reflex
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Nerves are bundles of neurons held together by several layers of connective tissue. (Name 3 layers)
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1) Endoneurium
2) Perineurium 3) Epineurium |
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Wraps neurons - single nerve fibers.
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Endoneurium
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Wraps fascicles - bundles of neurons.
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Perineurium
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Wraps nerves - bundles of fascicles.
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Epineurium
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A matter of ions changing places and creating different electrical charges along the cell membrane.
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Nerve Impulse
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Neural cell membranes possess potentials, or opportunities. (Name 2)
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1) Resting Potential
2) Action Potential |
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Neuron not carrying an impulse, maintained by Sodium-Potassium pump (active transport moving sodium and potassium ions in opposite directions).
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Resting Potential
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An electrical fluctuation traveling along the surface of a neuron's cell membrane.
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Action Potential
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The principle that states that a nerve impulse can be conducted only at maximum capacity.
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All or Nothing Response
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Name two (2) types of nerve conduction:
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1) Continuous
2) Saltatory |
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Nerve impulse conduction along unmyelinated axons (SLOWER).
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Continuous Conduction
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Nerve impulse conduction along myelinated axons (FASTER).
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Saltatory Conduction
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Junction between two neurons or between a neuron and muscle or gland.
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Synapse
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Sufficient intensity to generate an impulse.
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Threshold Stimulus
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Amount of repeated sub-threshold stimuli can add together to create an impulse (frequency and number of fibers stimulated).
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Summation
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Chemical messengers that travel across synapse.
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Neurotransmitters
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Neurotransmitters can be either...
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Excitatory or Inhibitory
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Decrease membrane potential to increase impulse rate.
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Excitatory
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Increase membrane potential to decrease impulse rate.
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Inhibitory
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The most common neurotransmittter that is vital for stimulating muscle contraction and is found in junctions between motor nerves and muscles (neuromuscular junction).
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Acetylcholine
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Chemical family containing norepinephrine, epinephrine and dopamine, with major functions which include excitation and inhibition of certain muscles , cardiac excitation, metabolic and endocrine action that act directly on the sympathetic nervous system.
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Catecholamines
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Located in several areas of the CNS and in the sympathetic division of the ANS, this neurotransmitter can be either excitatory ir inhibitory and acts as a hormone when secreted by cells of the adrenal medulla.
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Epinephrine
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Both a hormone and a neurotransmitter secreted by the adrenal medulla, it mediates several physiological and metabolical responses that follow the stimulation of the sympathetic effectors of the brain; it is also involved in arousal, dreaming, mod regulation and emotional responses.
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Norepinephrine
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Neurotransmitter found in the brain and ANS that is mostly inhibitory and is involved in emotions, mood and in regulating motor control; also implicated in attention and learning.
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Dopamine
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Naturally occurring derivative of tryptophan (an amino acid), is found in several regions of the CNS and is mostly inhibitory and is important for sensory perception, mood regulation and normal sleep.
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Serotonin
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Found in the brain is mostly excitatory and is involved in emotions and regulation of body temperature and water balance and stimulates inflammatory responses when not acting as a neurotransmitter.
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Histamine
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Located in several regions of the CNS, the retina, and the intestinal tract, these neurotransmitters are mostly inhibitory and act similarly to opiates to block pain.
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Enkephalins and Endorphins
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Connective tissue coverings surrounding brain and spinal chord.
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Meninges
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The meninges are composed of three layers and their corresponding spaces. (List innermost to outermost):
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Pia Mater
Subarachnoid Space Arachnoid Layer Subdural Space Dura Mater Epidural Space |
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The thin innermost layer that is delicate, transparent and vascular and is attached to the surface of the CNS.
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Pia Mater
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Located between the pia mater and the arachnoid, filled with cerebrospinal fluid and an arrangement of collagen and elastic fibers that resemble a spider's web; these extensions extend into the arachnoid.
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Subarachnoid Space
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The middle layer that forms a web-like loose covering around the CNS.
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Arachnoid Mater
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Filled with circulating serous fluid and lying between the dura mater and the arachnoid.
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Subdural Space
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Thick, dense, outermost layer that lies against the bone and contains a double layer of connective tissue, with the outer layer resembling periosteum.
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Dura Mater
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Layer that lies between the dura and the vertebral canal that is the safest place for injections such as saddle blocks, contains adipose tissue, connective tissue and blood vessels.
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Epidural Space
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The dura mater surrounding the brain dips down between the cerebral hemispheres creating the...
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Falx Cerebri
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The dura mater surrounding the brain dips across between the cerebrum and cerebellum creating the...
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Tentorium Cerebelli
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The dura mater surrounding the brain dips down between the paired cerebellar hemispheres creating the...
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Falx Cerebelli
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Circulates around the brain and spinal chord, is derived from blood, supplies oxygen and nutrients, carries away wastes and works as a shock absorber.
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Cerebrospinal Fluid
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Exits the skull through the foramen magnum and extends approximately to L2 and in addition to being an integrating center, it acts as an information highway that conveys sensory information from peripheral nerves up to the brain and conveys motor information from the brain out to peripheral nerves.
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Spinal Chord
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Two enlargements are located in the length of the spinal chord.
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1) Filum Terminale
2) Cauda Equina |
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The lower end of the spinal chord marked by threadlike fibrous extension of the pia mater that is anchored to the coccyx.
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Filum Terminale
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The ends of the chord fan out resembling a horse's tail.
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Cauda Equina
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How many pairs of nerves exist and list their types? (List 5 types and # of coenciding pairs)
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31 pairs
1) Cervical - 8 2) Thoracic - 12 3) Lumbar - 5 4) Sacral - 5 5) Coccygeal - 1 |
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A cross-section of the spinal chord reveals what two types of matter?
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White and Gray Matter
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Matter on the periphery of the spinal chord.
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White Matter
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Neuron cell bodies at the center of the spinal chord.
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Gray Matter
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What shape is the gray matter in at the center of the chord?
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"H" shaped
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The sides of the "H" are called?
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Horns
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The center of the "H" is a structure that runs the entire length of the spinal chord and contains CSF.
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Central Canal
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White matter is organized into regions named?
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Columns
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Within the spinal chord is a collection of nerves running up and down in columns called?
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Tracts
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Nerve Tracts are divided into two categories.
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1) Ascending
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Carry sensory or afferent impulses up the chord.
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Ascending tracts
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Carry motor or efferent impulses down the chord.
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Descending tracts
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The brain consists of 5 main compnents:
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1) Cerebrum
2) Diencephalon 3) Cerebellum 4) Brainstem 5)Blood-Brain Barrier |
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Largest part of the brain, divided into right and left hemispheres.
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Cerebrum
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Regulates motor output, cognition and speech production.
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Frontal Lobe
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Governs somatosensory output (skin and muscles) and taste.
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Parietal Lobe
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Houses auditory and olfactory areas and language comprehension.
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Temporal Lobe
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Contains center for visual input.
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Occipital Lobe
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Controls left side of the body, perception of nonspeech auditory sounds, perceiving and visualizing spatial relationships.
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Right Hemisphere
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Controls right side of the body, specializes in language, both receptive and expressive, and hand movements.
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Left Hemisphere
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Rhythmic electric impulses produced in the cerebral cortex.
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Brain Waves
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Machine that records brain waves.
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EEG - Electroencephalogram
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Four types of brain waves (fastest to slowest):
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1) Beta
2) Alpha 3) Theta 4) Delta |
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Wakeful consciousness and mental activity, busy waves
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Beta waves
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Relaxed waves, awake but relaxed and nonattentive
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Alpha waves
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Drowsiness, dreamlike awareness
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Theta waves
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Deep sleep
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Delta waves
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Center of the brain.
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Diencephalon
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4 parts of the Diencephalon:
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1) Thalamus
2) Hypothalmus 3) Pituitary Gland 4) Pineal Gland |
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Relays sensory information to cerebrum.
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Thalamus
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Regulates ANS and endocrine system by governing the pituitray gland and controls the circadian rhythm.
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Hypothalmus
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Connected to the hypothalmus by infundibulum, it sits in sella turcica of sphenoid bone.
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Pituitary Gland
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Produces and secretes melatonin for sleep.
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Pineal Gland
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Second largest part of the brain, concerned with muscle tone, coordination, complex movements, posture and balance.
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Cerebellum
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Continuous with the spinal chord and has three main divisions.
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Brainstem
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Three (3) main divisions of the Brainstem:
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1) Midbrain
2) Pons 3) Medulla Oblongata |
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Conducts nerve impulses from cerebrum to pons and sensory impulses from spinal chord to thalmus.
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Midbrain
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Relays nerve impulses from one side of cerebellum to the other.
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Pons
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Most inferior portion, conducts sensory and motor impulses between other parts of the brain and spinal chord, contains crossing over fibers, most vital part because it contains respiratory, cardiovascular and vasomotor centers.
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Medulla Oblongata
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Semipermeable wall of capillaries to prevent or slow down passage of chemical compounds and disease-causing organisms; blood itself can kill neurons if it comes into contact with them.
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Blood-Brain Barrier
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All nervous tissue outside the CNS.
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PNS
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Peripheral nerves arising from the brain.
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Cranial Nerves
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How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?
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12 pairs
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Smell - cranial nerve?
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Olfactory (I)
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Vision - cranial nerve?
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Optic (II)
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Movement of the eyeball - cranial nerve?
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Oculomotor (III)
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Facial muscles - cranial nerve?
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Facial (VII)
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Hearing and equilibrium - cranial nerve?
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Auditory (VIII)
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Aids digestion and regulates heart activity - cranial nerve?
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Vagus (X)
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Peripheral nerves arising from the spinal chord.
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Spinal Nerves
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How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
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31 pairs
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Each spinal nerve of each pair has?
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Anterior and Posterior Roots
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Anterior (or Ventral) root contain?
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Motor Neurons
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Posterior (or Dorsal) root contain?
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Sensory Neurons
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A cluster of nerve cell bodies located in the PNS are called?
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Ganglion
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Most ganglia are located?
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Next to the spinal cord.
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A network of intersecting nerves in the PNS is called?
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A Plexus
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Four most important ones are?
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1) Cervical plexus (C1-C5) supplies head and neck
2) Brachial plexus (C5-T1) supplies upper extremity 3) Lumbar plexus (L1-L4) supplies abdomen, low back and genetalia 4) Sacral plexus (L4-S4) supplies posterior hip |
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An area of skin that a specific sensory nerve root innervates, a map of the distribution of these nerves.
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Dermatone
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A group of skeletal muscles innervated by a single spinal nerve.
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Myotome
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Innervates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands, it controls circulation of blood, gastrointestinal activity, body temperature, respiration rate, and many other functions.
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Autonomic Nervous System
(ANS) |
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Rest and digest, housekeeping system, also called craniosacral flow because it is present at cranial nerves and S2-S4, broadens the perceptual field.
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Parasympathetic Nervous System
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Fight or flight, responses require energy, effects include pupil dilation, increased heart rate, increased blood pressure, dilation of airways, also called thoracolumbar flow because it lies in chain of ganglia from T1-L2.
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Sympathetic Nervous System
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General Sense - Special receptors found in the skin, perceive heat, cold, pressure, pain and movement, most primitive of all senses.
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TOUCH
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Chemoreceptors and strongly influenced by sense of smell.
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TASTE
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4 primary tastes:
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1) Salty
2) Sweet 3) Bitter 4) Sour |
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Chemoreceptors in the nasal cavity detect odors, strongest sense linked to memory.
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SMELL
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Uses photoreceptors in the eye, convert light energy into nerve impulses on the retina, which are transmitted to the brain through the optic nerve for visual interpretation.
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VISION
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Detection of sound waves or vibrations via mechanoreceptors in the ear.
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HEARING
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Two characteristics of sound:
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1) Pitch
2) Volume |
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The quality of a tone or sound, which depends on vibration speed.
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Pitch
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The loudness of sound and can change without altering pitch.
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Volume
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The sensory nerve endings are located in the skin, mucous membranes, and sense organs, responding to stimuli originating from outside the body, such as touch, pressure and sound.
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Exteroceptors
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This group is located in the skin, ears, muscles, tendons, joints, and fascia and responds to movement and position.
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Proprioceptors
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Also known as visceroceptors, these receptors are located in the viscera and respond to stimuli originating from within the body regarding the function of the internal organs, such as digestion, excretion, and blood pressure.
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Interoceptors
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They can be classified by location and can also be classified by the stimuli detected.
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Sensory Receptors
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List 5 Sensory receptors:
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1) Chemoreceptors
2) Mechanoreceptors 3) Thermoreceptors 4) Photoreceptors 5) Nociceptors. |
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When a stimulus is constant over time, a decrease in sensitivity to a prolonged stimulus, may occur.
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Adaptation
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Activated by chemical stimuli, detect smells, tastes and changes in blood chemistry.
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Chemoreceptors
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Respond to mechanical stimuli, found in skin, blood vessels, ears, muscles, tendons, joints & fascia.
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Mechanoreceptors
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Examples of these receptors are Meissner, Ruffini, and Pacinian corpuscles, Krause end bulbs, Merkel disks and hair root plexuses.
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Touch and pressure receptors
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What are the two most important stretch receptors?
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1) Muscle Spindles
2) Golgi Tendon Organs |
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Stretch-sensitive receptors wrapped around intrafusal muscle fibers and monitors changes in muscle length, as well as the rate of this change. When muscle is over stretched this causes a reflex contraction of muscle to prevent tearing, located in belly of muscle.
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Muscle Spindle - Stretch Reflex
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Located at musculotendinous junctions, they are activated by both tension and slow stretch. Ensure muscle does not contract too strongly, causes inhibition of contraction to prevent tendon damage located in musculotendinous junction.
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Golgi Tendon Organ - Tendon Reflex
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Stretch receptors in wall of carotid arteries and aortic arch, sense changes in blood pressure.
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Baroreceptor
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Sensitive to light, located in retina of the eye.
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Photoreceptors
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Detect dim light and shades of black, white and gray.
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Rods
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Colorvision
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Cones
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Free nerve endings that detect pain, located in almost every body tissue except brain, serve a protective function and rarely adapt.
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Nociceptors
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Detect changes in temperature, different ones for hot and cold.
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Thermoreceptors
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Characterized by confusion, memory failure, disorientation, restlessness, delusions and speech and movement.
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Alzheimer's Disease
INDICATED |
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Episodes of severe intense anxiety and panic.
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Anxiety Disorders
INDICATED |
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Unilateral facial paralysis of sudden onset resulting from inflammation of cranial nerve (VII) Facial Nerve
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Bell's Palsy
INDICATED |
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Mood disorder in which both depressive and manic episodes occur.
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Bipolar Disorder
INDICATED |
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Repetitive stress injury caused by compression of median nerve by transverse carpal ligament.
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Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
LOCAL CONTRAINDICATED |
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Partial or complete lack of transparency in the lens or lens capsule of the eye that can impair vision or cause blindness.
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Cataract
INDICATED |
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Motor disorders resulting in loss of muscle control.
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Cerebral Palsy
PHYSICIAN'S CONSENT |
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Cognitive disorder resulting in personality disintergration, disorientation, and general loss of cognitive abilities.
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Dementia
PHYSICIAN'S CONSENT |
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Mood disorder resulting in deep sadness, despair, pessimism, low self-esteem, withdrawal from personal contact, decreased energy, sleep and eating disturbances.
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Depression
INDICATED |
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Inflammation of the brain caused by disease, hemorrhage, poisoning or other conditions.
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Encephalitis
CONTRAINDICATED |
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Caused by injury to upper brachial plexus, resulting in paralysis of the arm.
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Erb's Palsy
INDICATED |
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Elevated pressure within one or both eyes caused by an obstruction of the outflow of aqueous humor.
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Glaucoma
INDICATED |
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Rapidly progressive peripheral nerve paralysis.
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Guillain-Barre' Syndrome
PHYSICIAN'S CONSENT |
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Degeneration of motor neurons resulting in weakness and muscle atrophy of hands, forearms, legs.
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Lou Gehrig's Disease
PHYSICIAN'S CONSENT |
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Progressive deterioration of the retinal maculae.
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Mascular Degeneration
INDICATED |
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Infection or inflammation of the meninges.
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Meningitis
CONTRAINDICATED |
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Autoimmune disorder that causes destruction of the myelin sheaths.
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Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
CONTRAINDICATED DURING FLARE-UPS |
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Autoimmune disorder resulting in loss or impairment of ACh receptors.
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Myasthenia Gravis
PHYSICIAN'S CONSENT |
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Nerve Impingement.
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Nerve Compression
PHYSICIAN'S CONSENT |
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Dysfunction caused by pressure from adjacent soft tissues.
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Nerve Entrapment
INDICATED |
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Degeneration of the PNS.
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Neuropathy
PHYSICIAN'S CONSENT |
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Anxiety disorder characterized by emotionally constricted mannerisms that are overly conventional and rigid.
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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
INDICATED |
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Loss of muscle function and/or sensation due to injury, illness or poisoning.
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Paralysis
INDICATED |
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Progressive neurological disease caused by destruction of dopamine-producing neurons and depletion of dopamine.
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Parkinson's Disease
PHYSICIAN'S CONSENT |
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Inflammation of the conjunctiva of the eye caused by infection, allergy or debris.
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Pinkeye
CONTRAINDICATED |
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Infectious disease caused by one of three viruses.
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Poliomyelitis (Polio)
INDICATED |
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Complex disorder affecting limbs; caused by trauma.
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Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy (RSD)
PHYSICIAN'S CONSENT |
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Caused by inflammation of the sciaic nerve.
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Sciatica
INDICATED |
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Presence of abnormal and irregular discharges of cerebral electrical activity.
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Seizure Disorders (Epilepsy)
INDICATED |
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Congenital defect, involves lack of bone development in the lamina (Posterior vertebra arch).
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Spina Bifida
PHYSICIAN'S CONSENT |
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A blockage of cerebral blood vessels, resulting in ischemia of brain tissue.
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Stroke
PHYSICIAN'S CONSENT |
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Use of a mood or behavior-altering substance that results in distress or impairment.
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Substance Abuse
INDICATED |
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Caused by compression of the brachial nerve, often between clavicle and first rib.
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Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS)
PHYSICIAN'S CONSENT IF CAUSED BY NERVE COMPRESSION |
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Excruciating episodic pain in the areas supplied by the trigeminal nerve, or cranial nerve (V).
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Trigeminal Neuralgia
PHYSICIAN'S CONSENT IF SYMPTOMS ARE SEVERE |