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142 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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bone is produced by cells called ___, which secrete a soft intercellular substance called the ___, which is composed of ___ fibres embedded in a ___-like substance made of ___ and ___ |
osteoblasts; matrix; collagen; gelatin; protein; polysaccharides |
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the osteoblasts harden the matrix by ___ it with ___ and ___ in the form of ___ crystals |
infiltrating; calcium and phosphate; hydroxyapatite |
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as the osteoblasts harden the matrix, they become trapped in tiny spaces called ___, and they are then called ___ |
lacunae; osteocytes |
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___ break down the matrix which is formed in an attempt to ___ the bone, which is necessary to remove bone fr where it isnt needed. they also allow the body to mobilise ___ from the bones |
osteoclasts; remodel; calcium |
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lrg bld vessels, tgt with lymphatic vessels and nerves, enter the bones thru openings called ___ ___, which can easily resemble a ___ ___ of the bone ___ under a ___ |
nutrient foramina; hairline fracture; cortex; radiograph |
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name the 2 forms of bone and their distinguishing features |
1 cancellous bone - light and spongy 2 compact bone - heavy and dense |
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cancellous bone consists of ___ of bone with lots of spaces bw them and this helps to lighten the bones without significantly ___ their ___ |
spicules; reducing their strength |
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compact bone makes up the ___ of long bones and the ___ ___ of all bones, and is composed of tightly compacted ___ of bone called ___ ___ |
shafts; ext layer; cylinders; haversian systems |
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name the 5 fns of bone |
1 support 2 protection 3 leverage 4 storage 5 blood cell formation |
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SUPPORT: the bones serve as a ___ for the soft ___ and ___ |
scaffolding; tissues and organs |
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PROTECTION: surrounds ___ vital ___ and ___ |
delicate vital organs and tissues |
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LEVERAGE: the bones act as ___ for the ___ ___ to move the body |
levers; skeletal mscs |
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STORAGE: ___, particularly ___, are stored in bones, and are ___ whenever the body is in shortage |
minerals; calcium; mobilised |
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BLOOD CELL FORMATION: the ___ ___ which occurs in the hollow interior of the bones serve as sites for ___ (aka ___) |
bone marrow; haemopoiesis; haematopoiesis |
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name the 7 types of bones (inc the special bones) |
1 long bones 2 flat bones 3 short bones 4 irregular bones 5 sesamoid bones 6 pneumatic bones 7 splanchnic bones |
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long bones are typical of ___ bones and have a ___ containing a ___ ___ (5 eg.s) |
limb; shaft; medullary cavity 1 femur 2 humerus 3 metacarpus 4 metatarsus 5 phalanges |
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flat bones have an outer layer of ___ bone with an int layer of ___ bone and there is no ___ ___ (3 eg.s) |
compact; cancellous; medullary cavity 1 skull 2 ribs 3 scapula |
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short bones have an outer layer of ___ bone with a core of ___ bone (2 eg.s) |
compact; cancellous 1 carpal bones 2 tarsal bones |
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irregular bones have a sim structure to short bones but with a less ___ ___ (1 eg) |
uniform shape vertebrae |
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sesamoid bones are ___-___-shaped bones which develop within a ___ or ___ that runs over a ___ ___, and serve to change the ___ at which the tendon passes over the bone and reduce ___ and ___ (1 eg) |
sesame-seed; tendon; ligament; bony prominence; angle; wear and tear patella of stifle |
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pneumatic bones contain ___ which ___ the weight of the bone (2 eg.s) |
sinuses; reduce 1 maxillary bone 2 frontal bone |
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a splanchnic bone is a bone which develops in a soft ___ and is ___ to the rest of the skeleton (1 eg) |
organ; unattached os penis of the dog and cat |
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name the 3 parts of the skeleton |
1 axial skeleton 2 appendicular skeleton 3 splanchnic skeleton |
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the axial skeleton runs from the ___ to the tip of the ___ and includes the s___, m___, v___, r___ and s___ |
skull; tail; skull; mandibles; vertebrae; ribs; sternum |
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the appendicular skeleton comprises the ___ and ___ limbs and the ___ ___ and ___ ___ which attach them to the body |
pectoral; pelvic; shoulder girdle; pelvic girdle |
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the splanchnic skeleton is represented by the ___ ___ within the ___ of the ___ in the dog and cat |
os penis; tissues; penis |
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define "tuberosity/tubercle/trochanter" (hint) |
protuberances on bones usually for attachment of mscs |
___ on ___ usually for ___ of ___ |
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define "trochlea" (hint) |
bony structure thru/over which tendons pass |
___ ___ thru/over which ___ pass |
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trochlea are usually ___ in the bone and allow ___ to act as ___ |
grooves; tendons; pulleys |
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define "condyle" (hint) |
a rounded projection on a bone, usually for articulation w another bone |
a ___ ___ on a ___, usually for ___ w another ___ |
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define "epicondyle" (hint) |
projection of bone on side abv condyle |
___ of ___ on side ___ condyle |
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define "foramen" |
opening into/thru a bone |
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define "fossa" |
depression |
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define "ligament" |
connects one bone to another |
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what is the cranium? |
the bony case in which the brain sits |
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what are the 5 bones that the cranium consists of? (more than 5 but need not know) |
1 parietal bone 2 temporal bone 3 frontal bone 4 occipital bone 5 zygomatic bone |
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the parietal bone forms much of the ___ and ___ walls of the cranium |
dorsal; lateral |
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the temporal bone lies below the ___ bone on the ___ aspect of the skull, and the most Vt part of the bone forms a rounded prominence called the ___ ___, which houses the structures in the ___ ___ |
parietal; caudolateral; tympanic bulla; middle ear |
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in the tympanic bulla, the ___ ___ ___ is closed by the ___ ___ |
ext auditory meatus; tympanic membrane |
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the frontal bone forms the ___ aspect of the cranium (the forehead) and contains the ___ ___ which connects to the ___ ___ |
rostral; frontal sinus; nasal chamber |
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the occipital bone lies at the base of the skull on the ___ aspect and there is a lrg hole called the ___ ___ thru which the ___ ___ passes |
Cd; foramen magnum; spinal cord |
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the zygomatic bone is an arch of bone projecting ___ from the skull, forming the ___ |
laterally; cheekbone |
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the nasal chamber lies on the most ___ part of the skull. the sides of the chamber are formed by the ___ (aka the ___ ___) and the roof is formed by the ___ ___. the chamber is divided lengthwise (along the median plane) into 2 by the ___ ___ |
rostral; maxilla; maxillary bone; nasal bone; nasal septum |
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the ___ bone at the Cd part of the nasal chamber forms a boundary bw the ___ and ___ cavities, and the ___ nerves pass thru the centre of this bone into the ___ |
ethmoid; nasal and cranial; olfactory; brain |
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the roof of the mouth |
hard palate |
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the mandible is comprised of 2 halves or ___, joined tgt at the chin by a ___ joint called the ___ ___ |
dentaries; cartilaginous; mandibular symphysis |
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the dentaries contain spaces called ___ for the teeth, and the mandible articulates with the ___ at the ___ ___, which is a ___ ___ joint |
alveoli; temporomandibular joint; modified hinge joint |
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the hyoid apparatus consists of fine ___ and ___ joined tgt, and is a means by which the ___ and ___ are suspended fr the skull |
bones; cartilages; tongue and larynx |
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name the 3 types of shapes of dogs' skulls |
1 brachycephalic 2 mesaticephalic 3 dolichocephalic |
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in a brachycephalic dog skull, the cranium is more ___ and the nasal chambers, hard palate and mandible are ___ (3 eg.s) |
rounded; shorter 1 bulldog 2 boxer 3 pug |
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the mesaticephalic dog skull is the "___" shape of a dog skull (3 eg.s) |
normal 1 beagle 2 labrador 3 pointer |
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in the dolicocephalic dog skull, the head, particularly the nose, is ___ and ___ (3 eg.s) |
long and narrow 1 greyhound 2 borzoi 3 Afghan hound |
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the bones of the skull are joined tgt by ___ joints called ___. they are ___ and ___ joints, but allow for ___ of the skull in a growing animal |
fibrous; sutures; firm and immovable; expansion |
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name the 5 regions of the vertebral column and where they can be found |
1 cervical (C) - neck region 2 thoracic (T) - thoracic region 3 lumbar (L) - lower back/abdo region 5 caudal (Cd) - tail region |
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a typical vertebra consists of a ___ Vt ___ and Dsly placed ___ ___ which forms a tunnel-like ___ ___ |
cylindrical Vt body; neural arch; vertebral foramen |
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when joined tgt, the vertebral foramina constitute the ___ ___. the neural arch has a Ds ___ called the ___ ___ or ___ ___ |
vertebral canal; projection; spinous process; neural spine |
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on either side of the neural spine are the ___ ___, and these divide the mscs of the vertebral column into ___ and ___ groups |
transverse processes; epaxial and hypaxial |
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bw the bodies of each pair of vertebrae is a fibrocartilaginous ___ ___, which acts as a ___ ___, and is composed of an outer tough ___ ___ tissue, called the ___ ___, and an inner core of ___ material called the ___ ___ |
intervertebral disc; shock absorber; fibrous connective; annulus fibrosus; gelatinous; nucleus pulposus |
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the C1 vertebra, aka the ___, has 2 ___-like ___ ___ joined by a Vt and Ds ___ the C2 vertebra, aka the ___, has an ___ spinous process for the attachment of ___ mscs, and a projxn of bone called the ___ or ___ ___ which fits into the vertebral foramen of the ___, serving as a ___ around which it can be rotated |
atlas; wing-like lateral masses; arch axis; elongated; neck; dens; odontoid process; atlas; pivot |
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how many C vertebrae are present in most mammals? |
7 |
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the remaining 5 C vertebrae get progressively ___ as they advance towards the ___ vertebrae |
smaller; thoracic (T) |
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how many T vertebrae are present in most mammals? |
13 |
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T vertebrae are characterised by ___ spinous processes and ___ bodies, and they articulate (form a joint) with the ___ |
tall; short; ribs |
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state the fn of the lumbar (L) vertebrae |
they allow the L (lower back) mscs to attach |
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how many sacral (S) vertebrae are present in most mammals? |
3, but they are fused tgt to form the sacrum |
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the sacrum forms a joint with the ___ of the pelvic girdle, known as the ___ ___ |
ilium; sacroiliac joint |
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the caudal (Cd) vertebrae vary in ___ and ___ according to the ___ of the tail, and they get progressively ___ and ___ in structure: the last few Cd vertebrae are reduced to little ___ of bone |
shape and number according to the length of the tail; smaller and simpler; little rods |
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the ribs form the walls of the ___ ___ that protects the organs of the chest. each rib has a ___ Ds part and a ___ Vt part called the ___ ___ |
thoracic cage; bony; cartilaginous; costal cartilage |
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the costal cartilage articulates with the ___, either directly or indirectly. the first ___ pairs of ribs attach ___ to the ___ and are called the ___ ___ |
sternum; 8; directly; sternum; sternal ribs |
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rib pairs ___ to ___ are called the ___ ___ or ___ ___, and they attach ___ via their costal cartilages to the ___ rib, forming the ___ ___ |
9 to 12; fasle ribs; asternal ribs; indirectly; adjacent; costal arch |
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the last ribs, pair ___, lie free in the ___ ___, hence the name ___ ___ |
13; abdo msc; floating ribs |
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the space bw each successive rib is the ___ ___ and is filled by the ___ ___ |
intercostal space; intercostal mscs |
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the sternum forms the floor of the ___ ___. it consists of ___ bones, the ___ |
thoracic cage; 8; sternebrae |
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the most Cr sternebra is the ___, and the most Cd sternebra is ___ flattened, the ___ ___ |
manubrium; dorsoventrally; xiphoid process |
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attaching Cdly to the xiphoid process is the ___ ___, onto which the ___ ___ attaches |
xiphoid cartilage; linea alba |
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in the forelimb, the ___ bone is usually absent, but if present, exists as a ___ in the mscs ___ to the ___ joint - a ___ (redundant) structure |
clavicle; remnant; Cd; shoulder; vestigial |
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in the ___, the clavicle is normally present but does not ___ with other ___ |
cat; articulate; bones |
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in the scapula, aka the ___ ___, a prominent ridge, the ___, runs down the middle of its ___ surface |
pectoral girdle; spine; lateral |
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the spine of the scapula ends in a ___ at the ___ end of the scapula, the ___ |
projxn; distal; acromion |
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the ___ ___ is an ___ ___ at the ___ end of the scapula, which forms the ___ joint |
glenoid cavity; articular socket; distal; shoulder |
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the ___ forms the arm or ___ of the forelimb and articulates w the ___ proximally at the ___ joint and w the ___ and ___ distally at the ___ joint |
humerus; brachium; scapula; shoulder; radius and ulna; elbow |
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the radius and ulna form the forearm or ___ of the forelimb |
antebrachium |
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the proximal end of the ulna is a projxn called the ___, which carries the ___-like ___ ___ for articulating with the ___ |
olecranon; beak-like anconeal process; humerus |
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the ulna tapers distally to end in the ___ ___. the radius is a ___-like bone ___ than the ulna |
styloid process; rod-like; shorter |
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the arrangement of the radius and ulna allows the ___ and ___ of the forearm, movements only found in the ___ and ___ among domesticated mammals |
pronation and supination; cat and dog |
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the carpus consists of ___ short bones arranged in ___ rows, the proximal row containing ___ bones and the distal row containing ___ bones |
seven, two, three, four |
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name the 3 bones in the proximal row of the carpus |
1 radial carpal bone 2 ulnar carpal bone 3 accessory carpal bone |
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the distal row is named in the order or carpal bones C I to C IV, from ___ to ___ |
medial to lateral |
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the ___, ___ and ___ tgt make up the ___ or hand of the forelimb |
carpus, metacarpus and digits; manus |
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the metacarpus consists of ___ small ___ bones, named in order of metacarpal bones MC I to MC V, from ___ to ___. in dogs and cats, the ___ bone is non-weight bearing and forms part of the ___ ___ |
5 small long bones; medial to lateral; MC I; dew claw |
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the digits are made up of 3 ___ , except the ___ ___, which has only ___ |
phalanges; dew claw; 2 |
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the proximal phalanx articulates with the ___ ___; the middle phalanx w the ____ ___ and the ___ ___; the distal phalanx ends in the ____ ___ which forms part of the ___ |
MC bone; proximal phalanx and distal phalanx; unguicular process; claw |
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the dew claw is almost always present in the ___ of the ___ |
forelimb; dog |
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the horse assumes an ___ posture (comp to the ___ posture of the dog and cat), as are ___ and the ___ |
unguligrade; digitigrade; ruminants; pig |
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HORSE: the ulna tapers to an end at ___-___ level, and the distal part becomes ___ into the ___, thus prohibiting ___ (___ and ___) |
mid-forearm; incorporated; radius; rotation; pronation and supination |
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HORSE: MC ___ or the ___ bone is the only MC bone to survive in ___ form. MC ___ & MC ___ are reduced to ___ ___ |
MC III; cannon bone; functional; MC II and MC IV; splint bones |
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HORSE: a pair of ___ ___ ___ are found in the ___ aspect of the ___ joint |
proximal sesamoid bones; palmar; metacarpophalangeal joint |
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HORSE: only Digit III exists, and the proximal phalanx articulates proximally w MC III to form the ___ joint, and distally w the middle phalanx to form the ___ joint |
fetlock; pastern |
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HORSE: the middle phalanx articulates w the distal phalanx to form the ___ joint (the distal phalanx is aka the ___ bone in horses) |
coffin joint; coffin bone |
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HORSE: the ___ surface of the distal phalanx is slightly ___ to form the ___ of the ___ |
palmar; concave; sole; hoof |
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HORSE: a distal ___ bone, the ___ bone, is present at the ___ joint |
sesamoid; navicular bone; coffin joint |
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HORSE: the incorporation of sesamoid bones in the ___ and ___ joints divides the weight pressing onto the ___ part of each joint over 2 bones, the phalanx and the sesamoid |
fetlock; coffin; lower |
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HORSE: the ___ of the sesamoid ligaments and the ___ ___ allow the joints to ___ slightly during foot impact, and this serves to ___ the ___ forces during ___ |
elasticity; flexor tendons; yield; dissipate; concussive; galloping |
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BOVINE AND OVINE: the ulna is fused to the radius and ___ only at its ___, the ___ and ___ processes |
palpable; olecranon and styloid |
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BOVINE AND OVINE: C I is ___ while C II and C III are ___, and C IV still ___ |
lost; fused; exists |
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BOVINE AND OVINE: MC I and MC II are ___, MC V is ___, MC III and MC IV are ___ |
lost; vestigial; fused |
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BOVINE AND OVINE: MC III and MC IV fuse to form a single ___ ___ |
cannon bone |
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BOVINE AND OVINE: the cannon bone divides into 2 separate ___ surfaces for the 2 ___ ___ of the ___ ___ |
articulate; proximal phalanges; principal digits |
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BOVINE AND OVINE: the principal digits are D ___ and D ___. D ___ and D ___ are ___ and only ___ ___ are present as ___ ___ |
III and IV; II and V; vestigial; rudimentary remnants; dew claws |
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in equine, bovine and ovine species, metacarpophalangeal joint->___ joint |
fetlock joint |
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in equine, bovine and ovine species, interphalangeal joint bw proximal and middle phalanx->___ joint |
pastern joint |
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in equine, bovine and ovine species, interphalangeal joint bw middle and distal phalanx->___ joint |
coffin joint |
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in equine, bovine and ovine species, the proximal and distal ___ ___ are present, and the distal one is aka the ___ ___ |
sesamoid bones; navicular bone |
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in pigs, D I is ___, D ___ and D ___ are very much ___, but with complete bones (compared to those of ruminants, which have ___ ___ present as ___ ___ and are ___) |
D I is lost, D II and D V; reduced; rudimentary remnants; dew claws; vestigial |
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the pelvic girdle consists of 2 ___ ___ joined tgt at the ___ ___ |
hip bones; pubic symphysis |
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name the 3 bones that each hip bone is formed from |
1 ilium 2 ischium 3 pubis |
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all 3 bones in the pelvic girdle meet at the ___, which forms the articular surface for the head of the ___, forming the ___ joint |
acetabulum; femur; hip |
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the femur forms the ___ of the hindlimb. the ___ (knee cap) lies in the ___ ___, and it is essential for the movement of the ___ joint |
thigh; patella; trocheal groove; stifle |
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the ___ and ___ form the lower leg. they lie ___ to each other and the ___ is the larger bone and also the more ___ bone |
tibia and fibula; parallel; tibia; medial |
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the tarsus consists of 3 tiers - the ___ tier, ___ tier and ___ tier |
proximal, middle, distal |
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name the 2 bones of the proximal tier and state which is medial and which is lateral |
talus (medial) and calcaneus (lateral) |
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the middle tier has only a single ___ ___ bone |
central tarsal |
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the distal tier comprises T _ to T __ in ___ sequence |
T I to T IV in mediolateral seq |
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the calcaneus has a lrg ___ ___ called the ___ ___, which forms the point of the ___ |
Cd projxn; tuber calcis; hock |
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the metatarsus is composed of ___ MT bones, and dew claws are normally ___ in the hindlimbs of dogs |
4; absent |
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HORSE: the ___ is fused to the ___ except for its most ___ part |
fibula; tibia; proximal |
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COW: the ___ exists as a sml ___ ___ at the articular surface of the ___, the rest of the bone is fused to the ___ |
fibula; malleolar bone; talus; tibia |
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COW: the rest of the ___ hindlimb is sim to that of the forelimb |
lower |
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PIG: arrangement of hindlimb is v sim to that of the ___, exc that D _ is ___ |
dog; D I; lost |
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the os penis is only present in the ___ and ___ of ___ ___ and is found in the ___ - a ___ ___ allows the ___ to pass thru |
cat and dog; domestic mammals; penis; urethral groove; urethra |
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when one bone connects to another, they form an ___, aka an ___ or ___ |
articulation; arthrosis; joint |
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name the 3 types of joints |
1 fibrous joints 2 cartilaginous joints 3 synovial joints |
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fibrous joints are ___ (2 eg.s) |
immovable 1 sutures of skull bones 2 attachment of teeth to sockets in jaw bone |
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cartilaginous joints are ___ by cartilage, and allow ___ ___ or none at all (3 eg.s) |
united; ltd movement 1 mandibular symphysis 2 pubic symphysis 3 joints bw bodies of vertebrae |
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synovial joints allow for a ___ range of movement. the bones are separated by a ___, the ___ ___, and a ___ ___ surrounds the whole joint |
wide; space; joint cavity; joint capsule |
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the joint cavity is lined by the ___ ___, which secretes ___ ___ into the cavity to provide ___ and ___ to the ___ cartilage covering the ends of the bones |
synovial membrane; synovial fluid; lubrication and nutrition; hyaline |
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the joints may have additional ___ fr ___ within the fibrous tissue of the joint capsule |
stabilisation; ligaments |
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name the 4 types of synovial joints |
1 plane/gliding 2 hinge 3 pivot 4 ball and socket |
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plane/gliding joints allow ___ of one bony surface over another (1 eg) |
sliding joints bw carpal and tarsal bones |
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hinge joints allow movement in ___ plane(s), i.e. ___ and ___ (1 eg) |
one; flexion and extension elbow joint |
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pivot joints consist of a ___ sitting within a ___, and allow ___ (1 eg) |
peg; ring; rotation atlanto-axial joint |
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ball and socket joints consist of a ___ ___ sitting within a ___ (2 eg.s) |
rounded end; socket shoulder joint hip joint |
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