The Musculoskeletal System Part 1 (Ms1)

Front 1

name the 3 types of muscles

Back 1

1 skeletal

2 cardiac

3 smooth

Front 2

skeletal muscles generally produce ___ in ___

Back 2

movement; bones

Front 3

cardiac muscles serve to ___ ___ ard the ___

Back 3

pump blood ard the body

Front 4

smooth muscles are gen found in the ___ organs, ___ ___ and ___, and serve to produce ___ in ___ ___

Back 4

internal organs, blood vessels, eye; produce movement in internal organs

Front 5

classify the 3 types of msc into voluntary/involuntary nervous ctrl

Back 5

skeletal - voluntary

cardiac and smooth - involuntary

Front 6

a msc is made up of ___ ___, which is composed of ___ made of thin ___ filaments and thick ___ filaments

Back 6

msc fibres; myofibrils; actin; myosin

Front 7

in ___ and ___ mscs, the myofibrils ___ each other in a ___ ___, giving the msc an appearance of alt light and dark bands or ___

Back 7

skeletal and cardiac; regular fashion; striations

Front 8

___ msc fibres dont have the striped appearance of ___ and ___ mscs. their actin and myosin filaments arent arranged in parallel myofibrils, but ___ the msc fibre at various angles as ___ ___ ___

Back 8

smooth; skeletal and cardiac; crisscross; small contractile units

Front 9

the typical skeletal msc has a ctrl fleshy part called the ___, and tapers at each end - the ___

Back 9

belly, head

Front 10

most skeletal mscs are attached to bones by tough ___ connective tissue bands called ___

Back 10

fibrous; tendons

Front 11

some skeletal mscs are attached by broad sheets of connective tissue called ___ to bones or other mscs (one eg is the ___ ___ of the abdo Vt midline)

Back 11

aponeuroses

Front 12

the starting pt of attachment of a skeletal msc to a bone is called the ___; this moves ___ during a contraction. the other end is known as the ___

Back 12

origin; least; insertion

Front 13

a ___ ___ is the site where motor ___ connect to the skeletal msc fibres

Back 13

neuromuscular junction; neurones

Front 14

name the small space bw the end of the nerve fibre and the cell membrane of the msc fibre; give the name of this cell membrane

Back 14

synaptic space; sarcolemma

Front 15

a ___ ___ is the neurone and all the msc fibres it innervates

Back 15

motor unit

Front 16

when a nerve impulse travels down the motor neurone and reaches the ___ ___ at the neuromuscular junction, ___ is released into the ___ ___

Back 16

acetylcholine; synaptic space

Front 17

the acetylcholine binds to ___ on the surface of the sarcolemma, which starts an ___ that travels along the ___

Back 17

receptors; impulse; sarcolemma

Front 18

___ ions are then released, starting the contraction of the ___, powered by ___

Back 18

Ca(2+); myofibrils; ATP

Front 19

___ ___ on the ___ filaments ratchet back and forth to pull the ___ filaments on both sides towards the centre of the ___ filament

Back 19

cross bridges; myosin; actin; myosin

Front 20

the ___ of the filaments over each other ___ the msc fibre, producing a ___

Back 20

sliding; shortens; contraction

Front 21

msc fibres can store ___ and ___

Back 21

glycogen and oxygen

Front 22

the purpose of glycogen is to give ___; O2 is attached to ___, which gives muscle its ___ colour

Back 22

glucose; myoglobin; red

Front 23

when O2 supply is adequate to meet the energy demands of the msc, the msc fibres metabolise glucose by ___ ___

Back 23

aerobic resp

Front 24

in times of an O2 shortage, the msc fibres switch to ___ ___, which produces ___ ___

Back 24

anaerobic resp; lactic acid

Front 25

lactic acid ___ into the bloodstrean where it is converted in the ___ back to ___ in a process that uses ___

Back 25

diffuses; liver; glucose; o2

Front 26

thus, the animal continues to breathe or ___ heavily aft a bout of strenuous exercise to repay this "___ ___"

Back 26

pant; o2 debt

Front 27

some energy produced by skeletal msc is in the form of ___, which can be used to keep an animal ___ -- when an animal ___, its mscs are actually making small ___ ___ to generate ___

Back 27

heat; warm; shivers; spasmodic contractions; heat

Front 28

inst of lrg no.s of msc cells contracting simultaneously, ___ msc cells contract in a rapid ___ fashion that serves to effectively squeeze blood out of the ___ ___

Back 28

cardiac; wavelike; heart chambers

Front 29

the ___ that starts each heartbeat begins in the pacemaker of the heart, the ___ ___, which is located in the wall of the ___ ___

Back 29

impulse; sinoatrial node; R atrium

Front 30

smooth msc which is found in the walls of int organs is known as ___ ___ ___, and its cells are resp for ___, ___ waves of contractions

Back 30

visceral smooth muscle; large, rhythmic

Front 31

give 2 examples of these waves of contraction

Back 31

1 peristaltic movements of GI tract

2 uterine contraction during parturition

Front 32

some smooth mscs form a ___ and serve to ctrl the ___ or ___ of a structure

Back 32

ring; entrance or exit

Front 33

in other regions such as the ___ and ___ ___ of the eye, and the ___ of the lungs, there are multi-unit smooth mscs present made up of ___ ___ or ___ ___ of cells

Back 33

iris and ciliary body; bronchioles; ind cells; small grps

Front 34

these smooth mscs allow for ___ ___ and ___ movements

Back 34

finely controlled and delicate

Front 35

name the 6 types of muscles of the head

Back 35

1 mscs of facial exp

2 mscs of masticatn

3 mscs of the eye

4 mscs of the neck

5 mscs of the tongue

6 mscs of the pharynx, larynx, soft palate

Front 36

name the 5 structures that the mscs of facial exp move and name the nerve that they are innervated by

Back 36

1 lips

2 cheeks

3 nostrils

4 eyelids

5 ext ears

facial nerve

Front 37

name the 4 mscs of masticatn (one of them is actually a group of mscs)

Back 37

1 digastricus

2 masseter

3 temporalis

4 medial and lateral pterygoids

Front 38

digastricus - loc and fn

Back 38

Cd-Vt surface of mandible; opens jaw

Front 39

masseter - loc and fn

Back 39

lateral to mandible; closes jaw

Front 40

temporalis - loc and fn; also the ___ and ___ msc of the head

Back 40

temples; closes jaw; largest and strongest

Front 41

medial and lateral pterygoids - loc and fn

Back 41

deep mscs lying medial to mandible; close the jaw, resp for side to side movements of mouth

Front 42

the tone in the ___ and ___ mscs keep mouth closed when not in use

Back 42

temporalis; masseter

Front 43

name the 3 types of eye mscs

Back 43

1 rectus mscs

2 oblique mscs

3 retractor bulbi

Front 44

name the 4 types of rectus mscs and the 2 types of oblique mscs in the eye, along with what type of movement they are resp for

Back 44

1 Ds- upwards

2 Vt- downwards

3 medial - towards median plane

4 lateral - away from median plane

1 Ds - elevation during abd

2 Vt - depression during abd

Front 45

state the loc and fn of the retractor bulbi

Back 45

forms a mscr cone ard the optic nerve and pulls eye deeper into socket

Front 46

state the fn of the mscs of the neck

Back 46

extend (raise) and flex (lower) the head and neck

Front 47

mscs of the tongue enable it to carry out a ___ ___ of ___ ___

Back 47

wide range of delicate movements

Front 48

mscs of the pharynx, larynx, soft palate enable ___ and ___ ___ movements

Back 48

swallowing; sound production

Front 49

name the 4 types of mscs of the trunk

Back 49

1 mscs of the vertebral column

2 mscs of the thorax

3 diaphragm

4 abdo mscs

Front 50

state the 2 types of mscs of the vertebral column

Back 50

1 hypaxial mscs

2 epaxial mscs

Front 51

where are epaxial mscs located and how are they arranged?

Back 51

Ds to the vertebral column and arranged in 3 longitudinal grps

Front 52

what are the 3 fns of the epaxial mscs?

Back 52

1 support spine

2 extend vertebral column

3 allow lateral flexion

Front 53

where are the hypaxial mscs located and what is their fn?

Back 53

Vt to vertebral column; flex vertebral column

Front 54

name the 2 types of mscs of the thorax

Back 54

1 ext intercostals

2 int intercostals

Front 55

ext intercostals - loc and fn

Back 55

originate fr Cd border of one rib and insert on Cr border of next rib; assist in inspiration

Front 56

int intercostals - loc and fn

Back 56

medial to ext intercostals; assist in forced expiration

Front 57

the diaphragm separates the ___ ___ from the ___ ___ and consists of a ___ ___ and a ___ ___. the 2 "arms" of the diaphragm are called the L and R ___

Back 57

thoracic cavity; abdo cavity; central tendon; mscr periphery; crura

Front 58

the diaphragm is the main msc of ___ - when it ___, the lungs expand and draw in air

Back 58

inspiration; contracts

Front 59

name the 3 openings in the diaphragm

Back 59

aortic hiatus; oesophageal hiatus; caval foramen

Front 60

name A, B and C and state what they transmit

Back 60

A: caval foramen - Cd VC

B: aortic hiatus - aorta, azygous vein, thoracic duct

C: oesophageal hiatus oesophagus, vagus nerve

Front 61

name the 4 abdo mscs from superficial to deep

Back 61

1 ext ab ob

2 int ab ob

3 rectus abdominis

4 transversus abdominis

Front 62

the ext ab ob, int ab ob and transversus abdominis terminate in an aponeurosis on the ___ ___ in the Vt midline of the abdo

Back 62

linea alba

Front 63

the rectus abdominis is a broad band of msc on each side of the linea alba and forms the ___ of the abdo. it originates from the ___ and ___ ___, and inserts on the ___ by means of the ___ ___

Back 63

floor; sternum; costal arch; pubis; prepubic tendon

Front 64

the linea alba is the ___ ___ of the 3 lateral abdo mscs (rectus abdominis isnt one of them as it is vertical)

Back 64

combined aponeuroses

Front 65

the linea alba extends along the Vt midline from the ___ ___ to the ___ ___

Back 65

xiphoid process; pubic symphysis

Front 66

the ext ab ob fibres run ___ from ___ to ___ while the int ab ob fibres run ___ from ___ to ___ and the transversus abdominis fibres run ___ from ___ to ___

Back 66

diagonally from craniolateral to caudomedial; diagonally from caudolateral to craniomedial; horizontally from lateral to medial

Front 67

define extrinsic mscs (using forelimbs for exp)

Back 67

mscs which originate on trunk but insert on forelimb

Front 68

state the fn of the extrinsic mscs of the forelimbs

Back 68

protract, retract, abduct, adduct forelimbs

Front 69

state the fn of the intrinsic mscs of the forelimbs

Back 69

extend/flex the shoulder joint

Front 70

state the fn of the mscs of the elbow

Back 70

extend/flex the elbow joint

Front 71

the bellies of the msc of the carpus and digits are grouped around the ___ and ___, and exert their actions on the carpus and digits by means of ___ ___

Back 71

radius and ulna

Front 72

the mscs of the carpus and digits are resp for the ___/___, ___/___, and ___/___ of the corresponding joints

Back 72

extension/flexion; abduction/adduction; pronation/supination

Front 73

mscs of the thigh ___ or ___ the hindlimbs, ___ or ___ the hip joint, and also ___ or ___ the stifle joint

Back 73

abduct or adduct, extend or flex, extend or flex

Front 74

mscs of the tarsus/hock and digits ___ or ___ the hock joint, ___ or ___ and ___ or ___ the digits, and ___ the hindpaw

Back 74

extend or flex; extend or flex and abduct or adduct; rotate

Front 75

the ___ ___ runs down towards the ___ aspect of the hindlimb, inserting on the ___, and is formed fr the ___ of some of the hindlimb mscs

Back 75

achilles tendon; plantar; calcaneus; tendons