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49 Cards in this Set

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Where do descending corticospinal tract fibers converge?

Primary motor strip, pre motor cortex, supplementary motor area.

What is the function of the premotor cortex?

Motor planning:


Create a motor plan to execute intentions

How does the premotor cortex know where the body is in space to create motor plan?

Collects proprioceptive "body image" from the cerebellum.

What is the function of the supplementary motor area?

Primitive motor planning:


To plan very primitive movement, for example trunk and hip movements. These are planned bilaterally.

What area within the premotor cortex is responsible for expressive language?

Broca's area:


Brodmann's area 44 and 45

What is the name of the area in the premotor cortex just above Brocas area?

The frontal eye field

What is the function of the frontal eye field?

To plan eye movements:


How far and to what degree the eyes should deviate.

What neurological sign is observed when a frontal eye field is damaged?

The eyes deviate away from the side of the damaged frontal eye field.

What neurological sign is observed when a frontal eye field is irritated (e.g., seizure or tumor) but still functional?

The eyes deviate AWAY from the side of the IRRITATED frontal eye field.

What neurological sign is observed when a frontal eye field is lesioned and not functional?

The eyes deviate TOWARDS the LESIONED frontal eye field.

What are the function of the areas just above the frontal eye fields?

Motor planning for neck movements; above that, fine hand movements.

What is the name of the descending motor tract from the cerebrum?

Corticospinal tract

What is the name of the descending motor tract from the cerebrum?

Corticospinal tract

Where do the corticospinal tracts originate?

30% start in the primary motor cortex



30% start in the supplementary motor and premotor areas



40% start in the primary sensory cortex

Where do descending corticospinal tract fibers converge?

Posterior limb of the internal capsule

What is the name of the white matter "sheet" consisting of descending motor axons before they converge in the internal capsule?

Corona Radiata

The axons look like the are radiating out of the internal capsule (even though they are technically descending)

What is the name of the arteries supplying the posterior internal capsule?

Lenticulostriate arteries:


An infarct in this will cause hemiparesis because it damages the spot where descending motor tracts converge in the internal capsule

Where do descending motor tracts travel after passing through internal capsule?

Anterior cerebellar peduncle (i.e., crus cerebri), in front of the substantia nigra, which is part of the midbrain

Where do you descending motor tracts proceed after traveling through the anterior cerebral peduncles of the midbrain?

Pons:


Specifically, pontine nuclei which then relay updates to the cerebellum through pontocerebellar tract.

Where do you descending motor tracts proceed after traveling through the anterior cerebral peduncles of the midbrain?

Pons:


Specifically, pontine nuclei which relay updates to the cerebellum through pontocerebellar tract as descending fibers pass through.

Where do descending tracts travel after passing through the pons?

To the medulla oblongata, where they make pyramids and decussate.

What is another name for the corticospinal tract?

Pyramidal tract:


This is because the fibers travel to the pyramids of the medulla

In what areas of the spinal cord do motor tracts travel?

Lateral white columns: crossed fibers



Anterior white columns: uncrossed fibers

What types of movements are the corticospinal tracts in the lateral spinal cord responsible for?

Fine motor/advanced movement (e.g., hands and fingers).

What types of movement are the Corticospinal tracts of the ventral spinal cord responsible for?

Trunk and axial movements

What are lower motor neurons?

Neurons that go from the spinal cord directly to the neuromuscular junctions (but not pre ganglionic neurons, because they do not connect to neuromuscular junctions)

What are upper motor neurons?

All the neurons that come from the higher levels of the CNS that alter the activity of lower motor neurons.

What are the two types of upper motor neurons?

Cortical origin (i.e., corticospinal & corticonuclear/corticobulbar to brainstem)



Subcortical origin (i.e.,

What are the two origins of upper motor neurons?

Cortical origin (i.e., corticospinal & corticonuclear/corticobulbar to brainstem)



Subcortical origin (i.e., tectospinal, rubrospinal, reticulospinal, vestibulospinal, & Olivospinal tracts).

What is the function of the superior colliculus?

Visual reflexes

The purpose of the tectospinal tracts?

To connect the superior and inferior colliculus in the tectum of the mid brain to the spinal cord

What is the function of the inferior colliculus?

Auditory reflexes

What part of the midbrain is the inferior and superior colliculi located in?

The tectum

What are the pyramidal tracts?

Corticospinal tract. Really, any tracts The past through the pyramids of the medulla.



All others are extrapyramidal.

What is the function of the vestibulospinal tracts?

To increase the tone of extensor muscles.

What is the purpose of the pontine-reticulospinal tract?

To assist the vestibulospinal tracts in keeping tone in the extensor muscles

What is the purpose of the rubrospinal tract?

To keep tone in the flexor muscles (antagonizes the vestibulospinal tracts keeping tone in the extensor muscles). Connects red nucleus to lower motor neurons.



Also assists Corticospinal tract in the initiation of voluntary movements.

What is the name of the structure that assists the rubrospinal tract in keeping tone for the flexor muscles?

Medullary reticular nuclei

What are the three basic functions of the cerebellum?

1. Coordination of movement; 2. Posture and balance;


3. Muscle tone



(NOTE: each of these functions is associated with a particular lobe in the cerebellum; i.e., anterior, posterior, flocculus)

What are the three major structures of the cerebellum?

1. Superior lobe


2. Inferior lobe


3. Flocculus

What are the basic functions of the flocculus?

1. Balance


2. Gaze stabilization from any axis.

What is the main function of the anterior cerebellum?

Maintaining tone in the muscles

What is the primary function of the posterior cerebellum?

Coordination

What is the central area in between the cerebellar hemispheres called?

Vermis

Do cerebellar lesions cause ipsilateral or contralateral deficits?

Ipsilateral

What is the name of the area surrounding the vermis, and bordering the inner aspect of the cerebellar hemispheres?

Paravermal area: responsible for the motor control of the hands and feet

True or False:


The vermis and paravermal area have a homunculus.

TRUE

Are all fibers that enter into the cerebellum excitatory or inhibitory?

Excitatory:


This includes the climbing fibers and mossy fibers

What are the inhibitory neurons of the cerebellum?

Purkinje cells, golgi cells, basket cells, stellate cells.