The Middle East

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a commission from the League of Nations authorizing a nation to govern a territory

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mandate

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A member of a movement known as Zionism founded to promote the establishment of an independent Jewish state

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Zionist

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A process by which precisely controlled amounts of water drip directly onto plants from pipes, thus preserving precious water resources in dry areas

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drip irrigation

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The parliament of Israel

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Knesset

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An army; also, the private army of a particular fighting faction

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militia

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Political disorder and violence; lawlessness

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anarchy

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The process of removing salt from seawater so that it can be used for drinking and irrigation

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desalination

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An underlying foundation; the basic support facilities of a country, such as roads and bridges, power plants, and schools

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infrastructure

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In the Arabian Peninsula, an ancient system of underground and surface water canals that carry water many miles from mountains to desert villages

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falaj system

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A religious leader among Shiite Muslims

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ayatollah

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valley between the Tigris and the Euphrates Rivers

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Mesopotamia

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A region of the Middle East extedning from the Tigris and Euphrates rivers to the Nile River Valley

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Fertile Crescent

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(4000 BC) migrated into Mesopotamia from the north, possibly central Asia

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Sumerians

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political unit consisting of a city and the surrounding area

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City States

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a government uniting a number of territories under one ruler

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Empire

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claimed the throne of Kish (2340 BC) Akkad, Akkadians

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Sargon

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Controlled southern end of Mesopotamia (2305 BC) Sumer

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Ur

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First know code of law

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Code of Ur

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the attribution of human characteristics to non-human creatures and being

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Anthroopomorphism

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Sky-god, the god of heaven, king of gods

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Anu

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god of breath, wind

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Enlil

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the earth and mother goddess

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Ninhursag

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grand temple. "mountain of god," dominated each city center

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Ziggurat

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religion and government intertwined. Ruling Government was the earthly representation of the cities diety

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Theocracy

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second most important economic activity after farming

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Trade

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system of payment in which goods or services of eaqual value are exchanged

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Barter

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3500-3000 BC writing developed in mesopotamia

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Writing

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wedge shaped marks left in soft clay

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Cunciform

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written on 12 clay tablets in cunciform script. About the adventures of the historical King Gilgamesh

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The Epic of Gilgamesh

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developed the earliest form of mathematics that resulted in the creation of arithmetic geometry and algebra

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Math

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Number System based on 60

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Divided Circle into 360 degrees

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(3500 BC) Potters wheel, ox carts

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Wheel

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Semitic tribes from the Arabian Desert, created city state of Babylon

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Babylonians

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sixth Amorite King of Babylon who united the Mesopotamian Valley

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Hammurabi

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282 laws regulated every aspect of daily life (banking, marriage and divorce, working condition, property rights)

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castle of Hammurabi

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a wood or stone structure adorned with laws or names of rulers

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Stele

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principle of being fair, equity

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Justice

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(1499-600 BC) Tribes from the northern Mesopotamian Valley

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Assyrians

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mounted archers and lancers could maneuver quickly on difficult terrain

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Cavalry

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nailed conquered leaders to city gates

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Brutality and Terrorism

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first paved roads and a national postal system

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System of roads and messengers

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wealth sent from one ruler to another ruler as a sign of submission

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Tribute

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collection of 20,000 Sumerian and Babylonian writing preserved for the future

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Library of Nineveh

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tribes from the plateaus of Iran and the western shores of the Persian Gulf divided the empire

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Medes and Chaldeans

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ruled from 605-562 BC empre that united all of the Fertile Cresant

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Nebuchadnezzar

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one of the seven wonders of the ancient world

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Hanging Gardens of Babylon

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((1800 BC) Semetic people from the Sumerian City state of Ur, settled into the area known as Canaan

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The Hebrews