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33 Cards in this Set
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muckraker
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a journalist who searches through the activities of public officials and organizations, especially business firms, seeking to expose conduct that is contrary to the public interest
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Associated Press
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is an American news agency. The AP is a cooperative owned by its contributing newspapers, radio and television stations in the United States, which both contribute stories to the AP and use material written by its staff journalists.
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yellow Journalism
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type of journalism that downplays legitimate news in favor of eye-catching headlines that sell more newspapers. Sometimes it deceives the audience it is intended for. It may feature exaggerations of news events, scandal-mongering, sensationalism, or unprofessional practices by news media organizations or journalists
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"Big Three" networks
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ABC, CBS and NBC
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sound bites
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a radio or video clip of someone speaking
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libel
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is the communication of a statement that makes a claim, expressly stated or implied to be factual, that may give an individual, business, product, group, government, or nation a negative image
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defamation
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is the communication of a statement that makes a claim, expressly stated or implied to be factual, that may give an individual, business, product, group, government, or nation a negative image
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prior restraint
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a legal term related to censorship in the United States referring to government actions that prevent communications from reaching the public.
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the pentagon papers
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was a top-secret United States Department of Defense history of the United States' political-military involvement in Vietnam from 1945 to 1967
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trail balloon
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Intentional news leaks to assess the political reaction.
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loaded language
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words that imply a value judgment, used to persuade a reader without having made a serious argument
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equal time rule
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an FCC rule that if a broadcaster sells time to one candidate, it must sell equal time to another candidate
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right of reply rule
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a law that states that if a person is attacked on a broadcast (other than a regular news program), that person has the right to reply over that same station
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political editorializing rule
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a law that states that if a broadcaster endorses a candidate, the opposing candidate has a right to reply
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Fairness Doctrine
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a doctrine that required broadcasters to give time to two opposing views if they give time to one side of a controversial issue; the FCC abolished it in 1987; most broadcasters still voluntarily follow the rule
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selective attention
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refers to when a citizen hears and sees only what he wants; thus the media reinforces existing beliefs, but it's not clear that they change them
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editorial endorsement
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endorsed candidates for party nomination and President.
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C-Span
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political television
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routine stories
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everyday avergae news-worthy stories
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Feature Stories
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Stories that are important for that daily newspaper
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Insider Stories
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stories that are given to an exclusive set of people
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News Leaks
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Leaks let out by newspaper either on purpose, to let of secret valuable info without being at fault or to leak information that may not be totaly true
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Adversarial Press
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pertaining to or characterized by antagonism and conflict
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"Off/On the record"
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Meaning if someone can be stated by name or as "unknown" as a source to a story
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"On (deep) background"
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This term is used in the U.S., though not consistently. Most journalists would understand "deep background" to mean that the information may not be included in the article but is used by the journalist to enhance his or her view of the subject matter, or to act as a guide to other leads or sources. Most deep background information is confirmed elsewhere before being reported.
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Feeding Frenzy
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excited involvement by a group over some focal point of attention.
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Pack Journalism
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occurs because the reporters often rely on one another for news tips or are all similarly dependent on a single source for access (which is often the very person they are covering)
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New York Times Co. v. Sullivan (1964)
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was a United States Supreme Court case which established the actual malice standard which has to be met before press reports about public officials or public figures can be considered to be defamation and libel; and hence allowed free reporting of the civil rights campaigns in the southern United States
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Federal Communications Commision
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is the U.S. telecommunications regulator. It is an independent agency of the United States government, created, directed, and empowered by Congressional statute (see 47 U.S.C. § 151 and 47 U.S.C. § 154), and with the majority of its commissioners appointed by the current President. The FCC works towards six goals in the areas of broadband, competition, the spectrum, the media, public safety and homeland security, and modernizing the FCC.[2]
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Telecommunications Act
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The goal of this new law is to let anyone enter any communications business -- to let any communications business compete in any market against any other.
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Shield Law
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is legislation designed to provide a news reporter with the right to refuse to testify as to information and/or sources of information obtained during the newsgathering and dissemination process.
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"Above" or "Below the fold" stoires
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‘above the fold’ concept is a guideline that originally started with Newspapers but has since become a well established concept in web design
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Freedon of Information Act (1974)
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as amended, represents the implementation of freedom of information legislation in the United States.[1] It was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson on September 6, 1966 (Public Law 89-554, 80 Stat. 383; Amended 1996, 2002, 2007),[2] and went into effect the following year. This act allows for the full or partial disclosure of previously unreleased information and documents controlled by the United States Government. The Act defines agency records subject to disclosure, outlines mandatory disclosure procedures and grants nine exemptions to the statute. [3]
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