The Male Pelvis

Front 1

A loose sac of skin that constricts & expands dividing the testicles into 2 sacs .

Back 1

Scrotum

Front 2

The Septum that divides the testicles responsible for controlling body temperature

Back 2

Medium Raphe

Front 3

What are the 4 main components of the scrotum?

Back 3

Testes,
Epididymis,
Spermatic Cord,
Vas Deferens, vessels

Front 4

What are the 3 layers of the Scrotum?

Back 4

Skin
Dartos
Tunica Vaginalis

Front 5

The layer of muscle that forms the Median Raphe or septum of scrotum below the skin.

Back 5

Dartos

Front 6

A place where nerves, vessels, and lymphatics cover testes.

Back 6

Tunica Vaginalis

Front 7

Male reproductive gland that have both Endocrine & Exocrine functions producing both sperm and testosterone.

Back 7

Testes

Front 8

What is the size of the testes?

Back 8

4 x 3 x 2cm

Front 9

What is the Exocrine functions of the testes called? What does it produce?

Back 9

Gametogenesis
Production of sperm

Front 10

A double layer of peritoneum where hydrocele forms that lines the scrotal sac internally.

Back 10

Tunica Vaginalis

Front 11

What are the endocrine functions in the testes?

Back 11

Synthesis/secretion of testosterone & steroids; also determines male characteristics.

Front 12

Comma shaped structure on posterior/lateral border of testis.

Back 12

Epididymis

Front 13

aka "Ductus Deferens"

Back 13

Vas Deferens

Front 14

A convoluted organ posterior to bladder.

Back 14

Seminal Vesicles

Front 15

Thickened portion of the Tunica Albuginea that courses cranio-caudally

Back 15

Mediastinum Testes

Front 16

Fibrous capsule which encases entire testes surrounded by the "Tunica Vaginalis".

Back 16

Tunica Albuginea

Front 17

Allows for entering and exiting of testicular vessels & ducts in the scrotum.

Back 17

Mediastinum Testes

Front 18

What are the functions of the epididymis?

Back 18

Transport & maturation of spermatozoa

Front 19

3-6cm in length, isoechoic to testes, and travels posterior - lateral.

Back 19

Epididymis

Front 20

An echogenic line that helps form the "mediastinum Testis".

Back 20

Tunica Albuginea

Front 21

Superior to testes that contains ducts that transport sperm out of the testes.

Back 21

Head of Epididymis

Front 22

What is located on the posterior lateral aspect of the testes?

Back 22

Body of Epididymis

Front 23

A continuation of the epididymis to the prostate gland.

Back 23

Vas Deferens

Front 24

Where is the Rete Testis located and what is it?

Back 24

Located in head of testes, a minitube that carries sperm.

Front 25

Is usually only seen with hydrocele and on inferior- posterior portion of testes.

Back 25

Tail of epididymis

Front 26

Thin walled 4 1/2" tube that pumps sperm into the prostate gland.

Back 26

Vas Deferens

Front 27

Place where sperm is stored up to several months.

Back 27

Epididymis

Front 28

Posterior to bladder that aids in production of seminal fluid & acts as a reservoir emptying during ejaculation.

Back 28

Seminal Vesicles

Front 29

What is the main function of the Vas Deferens?

Back 29

Transport Sperm to Prostate

Front 30

What are the 4 testicular arteries?

Back 30

Spermatic
Testicular
Epididymal
Deferential

Front 31

Testicular artery that supplies extratesticular structures, including the epididymis.

Back 31

Deferential Artery

Front 32

A network of small veins in the spermatic cord that drains the testes & epi- into the IVC.

Back 32

Pampiniform Plexus

Front 33

A network of tiny tubules in the testes that constantly produce sperm.

Back 33

Seminiferous tubules

Front 34

A symptom of a pituitary tumor and cause of infertility.

Back 34

Decrease in Testicular size

Front 35

Allows the testes to move w/in the scrotum and controls the body temperature.

Back 35

Cremasteric Plexus

Front 36

Forms the stalk on which testes & epi hang.

Back 36

Spermatic Cord

Front 37

Pedicle that encases the Vas Deferens & contains vessels/ elements that enter or leave the scrotum.

Back 37

Spermatic Cord

Front 38

aka Cryptorchidism

Back 38

Undescended Testicles

Front 39

Drains the Epididymis Body & Tail.

Back 39

Cremasteric Plexus

Front 40

Has complications of malignancy, Torsion, & Infertility

Back 40

Cryptorchidism or "Undescended Testicle"

Front 41

When and where do testicles descend?

Back 41

36 weeks through Inguinal Canal.

Front 42

Acute pain from twisting of the testicle & spermatic cord compromising vascularity.

Back 42

Testicular Torsion

Front 43

What is the most common GU anomaly in male infants?

Back 43

Undescended Testicles

Front 44

What is the ultrasound appearance of undescended testicles?

Back 44

Less Echogenic then healthy tissue

Front 45

What can cause a sudden onset of severe pain in the testicles?

Back 45

Torsion, Epididymitis, Epididymorchitis, Abscess formation, & Strangulated Hernia.

Front 46

Rupture of the Tunica Albuginea due to trauma.

Back 46

Testicular rupture

Front 47

70-80% of all inflammatory cases that causes sudden, acute pain.

Back 47

Epididymitis

Front 48

What is the most common age for testicular torsion?

Back 48

12-18 years old,.. 13 is peak

Front 49

What causes the abnormal suspension of the testes within the scrotum?

Back 49

Testicular torsion

Front 50

When is immediate surgery needed for torsion? When does incomplete infarction occur?

Back 50

80-100% salvagable at 4-6 hours; after 12 hours get complete infarction

Front 51

48X more likely to undergo a malignant change.

Back 51

Undescended testicle

(and 10X more likely to torse)

Front 52

When is the testes hyperechoic with torsion? What type of flow results?

Back 52

Within the 1st 4 hours; absence of flow in testis and epididymis

Front 53

Acute Torsion has what type of scrotal wall?

Back 53

Normal scrotal wall,

thick wall with chronic

Front 54

within 72 hours its 90% salvagable, after 72h it's 45% or ess.

Back 54

Testicular Rupture

Front 55

When is the testis hypoechoic with torsion?

Back 55

After 1st 4 hours

Front 56

bacterial infection with an unknown cause from UTI, trauma, or STD.

Back 56

Epididymitis.

Front 57

Causes increased vascularity, hypoechoic epi, and thick epi wall.

Back 57

Epididymitis

Front 58

Due to untreated epididymitis

Back 58

Epididyorchitis

Front 59

Can create a hematocele, blood in testicle & irregular capsule.

Back 59

Testicular Rupture

Front 60

What are the 4 types of scrotal masses?

Back 60

Hydrocele, spermatocele,
Testicular hernia, Variocele

Front 61

Benign cysts consisting of nonviable sperm w/in the epididymis.

Back 61

Spermatocele

Front 62

Very common to have after surgery especially a vasectomy.

Back 62

Spermatocele

Front 63

Dilated testicular veins of the spermatic cord due to an obstruction.

Back 63

Variocele

Front 64

Accumulation of serous fluid btwn the layers of the Tunica Vaginalis surrounding testis.

Back 64

Hydrocele

Front 65

Painless cyst in head of epi that can have septations & easily compressed.

Back 65

Spermatocele

Front 66

aka "Tunica Albuginea Cysts"

Back 66

Extratesticular cysts

Front 67

Testicular condition that can displace the testes anteriorly.

Back 67

Variocele

Front 68

Inguinal hernia that descends into the scrotum

Back 68

Variocele

Front 69

Associated with Cryptorchidism, sterility, tumors, or infection.

Back 69

Testicular Calcifications

Front 70

Dilatation of the pampiniform plexus > 2mm that can cause infertility problems.

Back 70

Variocele

Front 71

Chronic inflammation that result in non-shadowing microlithiasis.

Back 71

Testicular calcifications

Front 72

Peristalsing loops of bowel seen within the scrotum descending through the tunica vaginalis.

Back 72

Scrotal Hernia

Front 73

Tiny calcifications throughout both testes <3mm.

Back 73

Microlithiasis

Front 74

2-19cm cysts near mediastinum

Back 74

Intratesticular cysts

Front 75

Get leukocytosis, fever, chills from post-op infections in testicle.

Back 75

Testicular Abscess

Front 76

What is the most common primary male Neoplasm?

Back 76

Seminoma

Front 77

What are the 4 types of Germ Cell Tumors?

Back 77

ChorioCarcinoma,
Embryonal Cell CA,
Seminoma,
teratoma

Front 78

aka "Teratocarcinoma"

Back 78

Teratoma

Front 79

Homogeneous, well defined testicular lesion.

Back 79

Seminoma

Front 80

Very small, rare testicular CA type that is very malignant and most seen in 20's & 30's.

Back 80

ChorioCarcinoma

Front 81

Gynecomastia occurs with this type of testicular lesion.

Back 81

Choriocarcinoma

Front 82

This germ cell tumor occurs in 20-30% of this very small, undetectable tumor.

Back 82

Embryonal Cell CA

Front 83

Most Common Germ Cell Testicular Tumor in childhood and 2nd most common of all Testicular cancers.

Back 83

Embryonal Cell CA

Front 84

Most common testicular tumor in men in their 40's and 50's.

Back 84

Seminoma

Front 85

Poorly defined complex mass that occurs from infancy to 30 y.o.

Back 85

Embyonal Cell CA

Front 86

Best prognosis, least aggressive testicular malignant lesion.

Back 86

Seminoma

Front 87

Aka "Yolk Sac Tumor" if occurs in infancy.

Back 87

Embryonal Cell CA

Front 88

Occurs in Infancy, early childhood, then in 30's, causing elevated HCG & AFP.

Back 88

Teratoma

Front 89

What are the 3 zones of the prostate?

Back 89

Peripheral,
Central Zone,
Transitional Zone

Front 90

What is a common Stromal Cell malignant tumor that can produce hormonal changes?

Back 90

Leydig Cell Tumor

Front 91

Most common malignant tumor that arises fom Cryptorchidism.

Back 91

Seminoma

Front 92

Fibromuscular tissue that surrounds the neck of the male bladder & urethra.

Back 92

Prostate gland

Front 93

Painless hypoechoic mass that is typically benign but can turn Malignant.

Back 93

Leydig Cell Tumor

Front 94

Tumor that causes testicular necrosis, hormonal changes, loss of libido, gynecomastia, virilization.

Back 94

Leydig Cell Tumor

(A stromal cell tumor)

Front 95

Tumor which contains cells from the different germ cell layers (5-10%) & Elevated HCG & AFP

Back 95

Teratoma

Front 96

Metastasis of testicle usually comes from what conditions?

Back 96

Leukemia & Lymphoma

Front 97

The place most prostate cancers occur in the largest outermost section.

Back 97

Peripheral Zone (PZ)

(70% of cases)

Front 98

Occurs in 10-20% of gland the innermost of prostate.

Back 98

Transitional Zone

Front 99

Enzyme that breaks down coagulated semen & secreted through the ducts w/in the prostate.

Back 99

PSA

(prostatic specific antigen)

Front 100

Why is serum PSA elevated in bloodstream?

Back 100

BPH,
Infection,
Carcinoma

Front 101

aka "PeriUrethral Area"

Back 101

Transitional Zone of Prostate

Front 102

Diffuse, benign prostate enlargement that begins from periurethral zone in prostate.

Back 102

Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy

BPH

Front 103

The most common prostate cancer in men over 60 years old.

Back 103

Adeno Cancer of the Prostate

Front 104

What are the symptoms of BPH elevation?

Back 104

Bladder Retention, Blood in urine or semen, back/pelvic/ hip pain, Impotence

Front 105

2 other levels that are elevated in Serum PSA test.

Back 105

Alkaline Phosphatase &
Acid Phosphatase

Front 106

What are the 3 causes of BPH elevation?

Back 106

Aging, hormones, genetics

Front 107

Has the same symptoms as with BPH due to primary bladder retention.

Back 107

Adeno CA of the prostate

Front 108

Associated with hormone production and most located in peripheral zone.

Back 108

Adeno CA of the Prostate

Front 109

Where does Adeno CA of the prostate usually metastasize to?

Back 109

Bones