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153 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the functions of the Lymphatic System?
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Transportation
Protection |
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What does the lyphatic system transport?
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-Returns fluid back to blood
-Returns proteins back to blood -Transports fats and fat solulable vitamins from GI tract to blood |
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What Vitamins are transported back to the blood by the Lymphatic System?
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Vitamins:
D A K E |
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What does the L.S. Protect against/
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protects/defends body against disease
houses agranular leukocytes |
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How many liters of fluid is the L.S. responsible for per day?
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3.6 liters of fluid
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What are the componants of the L.S.?
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Lymph
Lymphatic vessels Lymphoid tissues Lymphoid organs |
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What is Lymph?
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Fluid from interstitual fluids
Similar to plasma, but less protein and more fat |
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What are Lymphatic Vessels?
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conduits for the flow of Lymph
*lymph cappillaries >collecting vessels>trunks>ducts |
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What are Lymphoid Tissues?
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unencapsulated & less organized
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What are Lymphoid Organs?
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encapsulated and more organized
e.g., spleen, thymus, lymh nodes |
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Name the Lymph ducts
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Right lymphatic duct
Thoracic duct |
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What does the Right Lymph duct do?
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Drains Lymph from the upper right arm, right side of the head, and thorax
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What does the Thoracic duct do?
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Drains Lymph from the rest of the body
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Where does each Lymph empty its lymph into venous circulation?
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the junction of the internal and subclavian vein
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How does lymph circulate?
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*moves along a pressure gradient
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What mechanisms contribute to pressure?
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MCPC;
* Milking by skeletal muscle * Changes during breathing * Pulsating of neighboring elastic arteries * Contraction of smooth muscle in the walls of larger lymphatic vessels and ducts |
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What keeps flow moving?
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Valves
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What are Lymphoid Organs?
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Thymus
Spleen Lymph Nodes |
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What are tonsils?
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Large nodules that are found in walls of pharynx
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Namr the tonsils
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Pharyngeal (aka adenoids)
palatine lingual sub mandibular |
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What are tonsils for?
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Pathogens get into tonsillar crypts and encounter lymphocytes
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What is the Thymus?
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produces hormones making T-cell lymphocytes immunocompetent
*most active in children *very large in fetus *after age 14 begins involution *in elderly mostly fatty and fibrous tissue (hormones from thymus help mature t-cells) |
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What role does the spleen play?
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blood production in fetus
blood reservoir erythrocyte disposal immune reactions >filters blood > quick to detect antigens |
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what are lymph nodes?
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filter debris, pathogens, other antigens from lymph
Concentrated in certain areas *cervical *Axillary *Inguinal |
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Homeostatic imbalance of the lymphatic system:
Swollen Glands |
swollen glands result when large numbers of bacteria get trapped in the nodes
nodes become inflamed, swollen and tender to touch |
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The Immune system:
Who is the enemy? |
Bacteria
viruses parasites fungi cancer cells |
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What is a pathogen?
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any biological agent that causes illness to the host
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What is an antigen?
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Peviously: any substance that promotes antibody generation
Now: any substance that activates the immune system |
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What are the two types of resistance?
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innate and addaptive
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What is innate resistance?
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-born with it
-general defense against a wide range -exists at birth -rapid |
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what is addaptive resistance?
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-narrow defense against specific pathogen
-aquired through exposure -slower |
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Innate resistance
what are the first and second lines of defense? |
First:
Physical Barrier Second: Chemical Barriers Fever |
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What are examples of physical barriers?
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-cutaneous membrane (skin)
-mucus membranes |
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What are examples of Chemical barriers?
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-phagocytes
-inflamation |
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Fever is part of the ________
line of defense. |
second
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give an example of a physical barrier and its defenses
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Intact skin is Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Defenses: -fairly dry to reduce pathogen growth -sabaceous (oil) gland antibacterial growth -slightly acidic and salty |
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give an example of another physical barrier and its defenses
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intact mucous membrane
non- keratinized stratified squamous lines the cavities that are open the the outside -mouth -pharnyx -esophogus -vagina -rectum -urethra -nose Defenses: -low PH ph of mouth, vagina, urethra 4 ph of stomach is 2 -antimicrobial protiens lysozomes in saliva & lacrimal fluid -mucous hairs help trap particles cillia move particles e.g., ciliary escalator in traea & bronchi |
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give an example of a chemical barrier
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phagocytes:(big eaters)
from monocytes |
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What is the mechanism of phagocytosis
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1)Antigen is engulfed forming phagosome
2)lysosome fuses with phagosome 3)antigen and enzymes mix 4)antigen is degraded 5)antigen residue is removed by exocytosis 6)antigen fragments (epitopes) are displayed on macrophage surface |
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give an example of another chemical barrier and its defenses
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Leukocytes:
NEUTROPHILS wander in tissues killing bacteria via: phagocytosis respiratory burst |
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What is respitory burst?
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toxic chemicals (hydrogen peroxide) are produced that form a killing zone around the nuetrophil it's faster that phagocytosis, but kills the neutrophil
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What is another example of a cellular barrier and it's defenses?
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EOSINOPHILS:
many found in mucous membranes become concentrated at site of allergy, inflamation, or parasitic infection (e.g., tapeworms, roundworms) kill via phagocytosis |
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What is another example of a cellular barrier and it's defenses?
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BASOPHILS:
aid other leukocytes by secreting: 1)HISTIMINE: a vasodilator increases blood flow & delivery of leukocytes to the infected area 2)HEPARINE:an anticoagulant that inhibits clot formation that would impede leukocyte mobility |
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What is another example of a cellular barrier and it's defenses?
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leukocytes become T cells, B cells or Natural Killer cells
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What is another example of a cellular barrier and it's defenses?
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MONOCYTES:become macrophages in the tissues
they can be fixed- stay in a particular place free- warder in search of pathogens |
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What are natural killer cells?
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large lymphocytes
they police for abnormal antigens they kill cancer cells and virus infected cells they kill with PERFORIN |
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what is the mechanism of Natural Killer cells?
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1)NK cells release perforin wihich forms a hole in the enemy cell membrane
2)Granzymes enter and degrade the enemy cells enzymes 3)Enemy cell dies by apoptosis 4)Macrophages engulf and digest the dying cell |
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what are the functions of inflammation?
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-prevents the spread of pathogens
- removes dead cells and pathogens - prepares tissue for repair |
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what are the signs of inflammation?
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swelling
redness heat pain |
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During inflamation, what does the release of inflammatory chemicals cause?
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VASODILATION
-hyperemia= increased blood flow wich will cause an increase in oxygen, nutrients, leukocytes and an increase in heat and swelling |
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What happens during vasodilation?
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hypermia= increased blood flow
increased oxygen, nutrients, leukocytes increase in heat and redness |
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what does the release of inflamitory chemicals cause?
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vasodilation
capillary permeability |
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what is capillary permeability
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exudate formation
fluid containing clotting factors and antibodies leaks into tissue spaces increase pain and swelling |
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list the process of phagocyte mobilization
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chemotaxis
marginization diapedesis phagocytosis pus formation |
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Chemotaxis
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attract leukocytes to infected area
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marginization
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leukocytes attach to capillary walls
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phagocytosis
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antigen is engulfed and digested
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pus formation
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(with severe infection)
leukocytes, dead tissue cells, pathogens accumulate |
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list inflammitory chemicals
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histomine, kinins, prostaglandin, complement, cytokines
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histamine
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vasodilator
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kinins
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vasodilator
increases chemotaxis |
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prostaglandin
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vasodilator
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complement
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release cytokines
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cytokines
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also released by leukocytes
activate and recruit more immune cells |
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What is fever
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increase in body temp
hypothalamus is reset be leukocyte- produces pyrogens LEVELS mild fever- enhances phagocytes & tissue repair high fever- >104 damages all proteins |
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stages of fever
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normal-37
hypothalamus reset-37.8 onset-38 stadium-39 defervescence-37.8 normal-37 |
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What are the characteristics of Adaptive Resistance
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antigen specific
differentiates between normal (self) and foreign (non-self) has memory |
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what are the types of Adaptive Resistance?
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humeral
cellular |
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humoral
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antibody mediated immunity
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cellular
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cell-mediated immunity
mainly T-cell Lymphocytes |
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What are antigens?
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sustances that activate the immune system; cause antibody production
have epitopes |
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What are epitopes?
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antigenic determinants
specific parts of antigen recognized by immune system protein or suger based |
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can antigens be both self and non-self?
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yes
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what are self antigens
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not foreign to us, but foreign to others
determined by Major Histocompatability Complex (MHC) glycoproteins found on your own cells |
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what are the two types of antigens
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Class I
ClassII |
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where are Class I cells found
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all body cells
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where are class II cells found
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only on immune cells
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cells of adaptive resistance circulate through what?
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blood and lymph
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lymphocytes
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B-cells
T-cells Natural Killer cells |
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B-cells
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turn into plasma cells (produce antibodies) after exposure
become immunocompetent in the bone marrow are able to recognize/bind to specific antigens |
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T-cells
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active in cellular immunity
become immunocompetent in thymus |
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what are Antigen-Presenting cells?
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engulf antigens and present antigen fragments to T-cells
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Humoral Immunity B cell activation
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Primary resonse- slow
Secondary- fast due to memory cells- can occure years later |
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Active vs. Passive
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Naturally acquired- Active infection, contact with pathogen- Passive antibodies pass from mother to fetus.
Artificially acquired- vaccine dead or atenuated pathogen- passive injection of immune sirum gamma gobulin |
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Antibodies- What are the basic structures
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4 protien chains- posses variable and constant regions.
-variable region- specific binding site -constant region- determine immunoglobulin class |
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How many antibodies can 1 person make?
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1 trillion
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What are the antibody classes
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1- IGM
2- IGA 3- IGD 4- IGG 5- IGE |
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IGM
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Immunoglobulin M
- efficiant at agglutination |
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IGA
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Found in secretions
-mucus, saliva, sweat, and milk -prevents antigen attachment to epithelium. |
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IGD
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Bind to antigen receptor
-B cell activation |
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IGG
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most abundant in plasma
- 1 and 2 responses -attach to circulating bacteria, viruses, toxins, and crosses the placenta |
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IGE
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In skin, GI, and resperatory Mucosae, tonsills.
-increases during alergic reaction |
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What are antibody mechanisms
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nutralization, agglutination, and precipitation.
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Nutralization
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antibodies cover antigen active sites
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Agglutinaiton
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Cross-links leads to clumping
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Precipitation
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clumping on soluble antigen
-Ex toxin |
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What is cell-mediated immunity?
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-involves T-cells
-must be activated(usually by APC's) - 4 types -Cytotoxic T-cells -Helper T-cells -suppressor T-cells - Delayed Hypersensativity T-cells. |
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Cytotoxic T-cells (Tc)
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Kill abnormal or infected body cells through chemical release
- Perforin- pours in membranes - Lymphotoxin- digests DNA - Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)- triggers apoptosis (Cell suicide) - Gamma Interferon- increased macrophage activity |
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Helper T-cells (Th)
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Stimulate B-cell and Tc-cell production/action
-Secrete Interlukins -attract neutrophils, NK cells and macrophages. -Stimulate phagocytosis, T and B-cell matosis maturation -Coordinate humoral and natural cell immunity |
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Suppressor T-cell (Ts)
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Limit T and B cell activity after infection
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Delayer Hypersensativity T-cells (Tdh)
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Stimulate delayed allergic reactions (Ex. poison Ivy, deodarents, cosmetics.)
-Increases phagocytosis |
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What are the different types of Organ Transplants?
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-Autograft
-Isograft -Allograft -Xenograft |
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Autograft
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One site to another in the same person.
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Isograft
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Between identical twins or clones
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Allograft
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Between non identical individuals of the same species
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Xenograft
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Between different species
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What is organ transplant rejection
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donor tissue antigens attacked by recipient's immune system
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What are immunosuppresive therapies?
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Corticosteroids
-suppress inflimmation Cytotoxic drugs -kill activated lymphocytes Cyclosporine -general immunosuppressant |
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What are some homeostatic imbalances
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Hodgkins Disease
AIDs Sever combined immunodeficiency Disease(SCID) |
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Hodgkins Disease?
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cancer of the lymphnodes
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AIDs
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caused by HIV transmitted in secretions
-kills Th cells - and opportunistic infections proliferate |
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SCID
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hereditary lack of T and B-cells
-vulnerability to opportunistic infection |
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autoimmune disorders
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multiple sclerosis
Type one diabetes mellitus rhumetoid arthritis |
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multiple sclerosis
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CNS myelin sheaths destroyed
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Type 1 diabetes
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pancreatic cells destroyed
reduced insulin production |
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rheumatoid arthritis
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destroys joints
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What are the types of hypersensitivitiy disorders?
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type 1-sudden onset (anaphylaxis, asthma)
type 2-cytotoxic attack (erythroblastis fetalis, bad transfusion) type 3-intense inflamitory reaction to try to clear wide-spread antigen-antibodycomplexes damages local tissues (rheumetoid arthritis) type 4-delayed takes hours or days (poison ivy, cosmetics) |
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What is Anaphylaxis?
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caused by allergen in blood
causes widespread histamine release which causes:vasodialation,drop in blood pressure, edema of bronchial mucosa treated with: epinepherine which causes vasoconstriction and bronchial dilation |
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what is the function of the Respiratory system?
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supply the body with oxegen and dispose of CO2 waste
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what are the basic processes of the respiratory system?
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ventilation
external (pulmonary) respiration internan (tissue) respiration |
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what is ventilation?
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movement of air in and out of lungs
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what is external respiration?
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exchange of gases between blood and air in the lungs
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what is internal respiration?
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exchange of gases between blood and body tissues
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organization of the airway
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Conducting Passageways:
(gas movement no exchange) nose\mouth pharynx larynx trachea bronchi branchioles terminal branchioles Respiratory Passageways (areas of gas exchange) respiratory bronchioles alveolar ducts alveoli |
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What is the Pharynx?
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it connects the nose and mouth to larynx
=throat |
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what are the three parts that make up the pharynx?
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nasopharynx
oropharynx laryngopharynx |
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nasopharynx
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moves air ONLY
contains openings to auditory tubes |
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oropharynx
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moves air and food
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laryngopharynx
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moves air and food
respiratory & digestive systems diverge |
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What is the larynx made of
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the larynx is a wall made of hyaline cartilage
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what are the functions of the larynx?
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provide an open airway
routes air and food into proper channels voice production |
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what is the glottis?
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opening of the larynx
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what is the epiglottis?
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covers glottis and keeps food out of larynx
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what are vocal cords?
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folds of mucosa containing elastic ligaments
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how is sound produced?
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vocal cords tighten during exhalation then air movement causes vibration
tighter stretch= higher frequency force of exhale= loudness tension is controlled by arytenoid cartilage and arytenoid muscle |
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trachea
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open airway from larynx = windpipe
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what is the structure of the trachea?
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hyaline cartilage rings that prevent collapse but allow flexability and mucosa with cilia that propel debris toward pharynx
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lungs
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consist of lobes located in the thoracic cavity surrounded by serous membranes
visceral pleura parietal pleura |
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the lungs consist of how many lobes?
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5
3 on right and 2 on left |
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what are lobes called?
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bronchiopulmonary segments
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what does lung tissue consist of?
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Elastic connective tissue
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What conducting passageways make up the bronchial tree?
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primary bronchi - to each lung
secondary bronchi-to each lobe tertiarybronchi- to bronchopulmonary segments (23orders in all) bronchioles terminal bronchioles |
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What respiratory passageways make up the bronchial tree?
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respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts alveolar sacs (groups of alveoli) aveolis (individual air sac area of gas exchange) |
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what are the structural trends of the bronchial tree?
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1)decrease and eventual loss of cartilage
2)gradual addition of smooth muscle to control diameter 3)epithelium become flatter: pseudostratified columnar -simple cuboidal -simple squamous |
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features of Alveoli
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surrounded by fine elastic fibers to allow lungs to expand and return to normal
open aveolar pores, connect adjacent alveoli, allow equalized pressure throughout alveolar macrophages crawl freely |
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what ids the respiratory membrane?
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diffusion location for respiratory gases
air on one side blood flowing on the other |
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what does the repiratory membrane consist of?
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alveolar endothelium
- mainly simple squamous epithelium - scattered cuboidal cells that secrete SURFACTANTS to lower surface tention capillary endothelium -simple squamous epithelium |
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blood is supplied to lungs by what systems?
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Bronchial circulation - carries blood to all lung tissue except alveoli
pulmonary circulation - carries blood to and from alveoli for gas exchange pulmonary arteries-capillaries-pulmonary veins |
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what is ventilation?
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movement of air in and out of lungs through inspiration and expiration
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Atmospheric pressure
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(Patm)
air pressure at sea level =760mmHg =1atm |
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intrapulmonary pressure
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(Ppul)
=pressure in alveoli |
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intraplural pressure
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(Pip)
=pressure in pleural cavity always less than Ppul by about 4 mmHg |
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why is pressure in plural cavity less than pressure in the lungs?
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so lungs don't collapse
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