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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Sociocultural
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a theory which holds that human dvlp results from the dynamic interaction betwen dvlping persons and the surrounding culture, primarily as expressed by the parents and teachers who transmit it
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Who is most associated w/ cognitive theory?
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Jean Piaget
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Genotype
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A persons entire genetic inheritance, including genes that are not expressed in person.
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Phenotype
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all the genetic traits, including physical characteristics and behavioral tendencies, that are expressed in a person
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Zone of proximal development
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The range of skills, knowledge, and understanding that an individual cannot yet perform or comprehend on his or her own, but could master w/ guidance, this is the area where learning occurs
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psychosocial
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(domain) the part of huan devlp. that includes emotions, personality, characteristics, and relationships w/ other people, family, friends, lovers, and strangers. This domain also includes the larger community and the culture.
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Gross motor skills
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physical skills involving large body movements such as waving the arms, walking, and jumping
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Whole Child
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A concept of the child being made up of parts - inseparable from the whole. The components of the whole child are the mind, body, feelings, and social content. Though theorists focus on one or more aspects of the child, the split from the whole is necessarily artificial.
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fine motor skills
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Physical skills involving small body movements, especially with hands and fingers, such as picking up a coin or drawing
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Grand Theories
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Insighful and provocative, stimulating to researchers, historians, educators, novelists, and therapists (Theories by Freud, Skinner and Piaget), these theories have made great contributions to dvlp. science
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Cognitive theory
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holds that the way people think and understand the world, shapes their perceptions, attitudes, and actions.
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schema
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an organized pattern of perception or actions
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Affordance
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Each of the various opportunities for protection, action, and interaction that an object or place offers to any individual.
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What did Lev Vygotsky believe influenced development?
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Social and cultural issues
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Psychoanalytical theory
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Freuds theory that states that human behavior is the result of unconscious drives and motivations
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Object Permanence
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The realization that objects (including people) still exist even when they cannot be seen, touched, or heard.
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cognitive equilibrium
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a state of mental balance, in which a person's thoughts and assumptions about the world seem (to that person) to clash with one another or with that persons experiences
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Attachment 2
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an effectional tie between two people with a consistent desire for contact and closeness
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Jean Piaget
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Believed less in teaching/more in letting a child explore and learn from a rich environment. focused on the "mind" of the whole child. Described stages that alway occur in the same order
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Formal operational
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Piaget's stage #4, 12-Adult
Able to think about abstract concepts. Ethics, politics, and social and moral issues become interesting, able to take a more theoretical approach to experiences |
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Conservation
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The concept that the total quantity, number, or amount of something is the same (preserved) no matter what the shape or configuration.
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Sigmund Freud
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Focused mostly on the feelings of the child. Originator of the psychoanalytical theory which he developed while working w/ the mentally ill
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Integrity vs. despair
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Eriksons#7
try to make sense out of your life when you ar older either meaningful or despairing |
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Behaviorist theory
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the relationship between a stimulus and a response. uses conditioning. A theory used by BF Skinner
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Attachment 1
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an enduring emotional connection between 2 people that produces a desire for continual contact as well as feelings of distress during seperation
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Egocentrism
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the tendency to perceive events and interpret experiences exclusively from one's own self-centered perspective.
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When a person can take a more theoretical approach to experiences they are in which or Piaget's stages?
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Formal Operational
12-adult |
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In which of Piaget's stages does a child realize that when a person or object is not present, it still exists?
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Sensorimotor
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When a person is able to think about abstract and hypothetical concepts such as ethics, politics,and social and moral issues become interesting they are in which of Piaget's stages?
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Formal
12- adult |
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In which of Piaget's stages does a childs imagination take off, and language become an important mean of self expression?
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Preoperational ages 2-6
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Anal Stage
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Freuds Stage 2
Anus is the focus of pleasurable sensation, toilet training is the importnt activity 1-3 years |
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When a child gradually begins to "decenter" himself, become less egocentric, and starts understanding more points of view, which of Piaget's stages is he in?
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Preoperational
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identity vs. role confusion
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Ericksons #5
Who am I? Adolescents establish sexual, political, and career identities and are confused on which roles to play |
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industry vs. inferiority
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Erickson's #4
learn to be competent and productive in new skills, either they master the skill, or feel inferior and unable to do anything well 7-11 yrs |
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BF Skinner
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focused on the body part of the whole child
believed that behavior is learned through conditioning and reinforcement |
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Vygotsky
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associated the sociocultural context w/ the whole child (also believed by Erickson), believed in the influence of social and cultural context on dvlpmnt
believed that children construct knowledge, they don't just take it in, believed in the power of language. believed assisted performance is desireable |
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Classical conditioning
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(Pavlov's dogs)
associating a neutral stimulus with a menaingfule one. Responds to the 1st stimulus as if it were the 2nd |
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Concrete operational
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Piaget's stage#3, 7-11 years
Application of logical operations and principles to help understand basic concepts of conservation, numbers, classification and other scientific ideas. |
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Operant conditioning
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Skinner believed this type of cond. an imptnt role in bhvr. and lrning. Through op. cond. we learn that a particular behavior produces a particular consequence. I if the consequence is good then we repeat behavior and if its bad then we don't repeat the behavior that caused it.
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high risk infants
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low birth weight
premature small for date postmature |
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Freud's stages
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1-oral birth to 1 yr
2-Anal 1 -3 years 3-Phallic 3-6 years 4-Latency 7-11 years 5-Genital Adolescence 6-Adulthood |
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What part of the child did Erickson focus on?
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the feelings part
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Erickson's Stages
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1- Trust vs. mistrust b-1
2-Autonomy vs.shame&doubt 1-3 3-initiative vs. guilt 3-6 4-industry vs inferiority 7-11 5-identity vs confusion adlsnt 6-generativity vs stagnation middle ages 7-integrity vs despair older adult |
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Genital Stage
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Freuds#5
genitals are the focus of pleasure, the adolescent seeks sexual stimulatin and satisfaction in heterosexual relationships (adolescence) |
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What type of theories did Erickson use?
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Psychoanalytic and sociocultural theories
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What did Erickson think of Freuds stages?
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That they were too limited, Erickson's stages contiued through the lifespan. Each of Ericksons stages has a particular challenge or crisis that is central to that stage of life and must be resolved.
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Sensorimotor
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Piaget's Stage 1 birth - 2yrs Through the use of senses and motor abilities the infant begins to understand the world. Begins to think through mental and physical actions. Knows that an object or person still exists when out of site.
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antonomy vs. shame&doubt
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Ericksons #2
Children learn to be self-sufficient in activities like feeding themselves, going to the potty, etc, or they doubt their abilities 1-3 |
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initiative vs. guilt
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Erickson's #3
Children want to do things that adults do, sometimes overstepping the limits of feeling guilty 3-6yrs. |
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Phallic Stage
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Freud #3
the penis (phallis) is the most important part, pleasure comes from genital stimulation. Boys are proud of thier penis, girls wonder why they don't have one 3-6 years |
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Latency
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Freud's #4
An interlude between stages, sexual needs are quiet, children put psychic energy into schoolwork and sports 7-11 years |
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adulthood
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Freuds#6
genital stage lasts throughout adulthood, the goal of a healthy life is "to love and to work well' |
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generativity vs. stagnation
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Ericksons#6
Middle aged adults contribute to next generation by work. Creative activities, or raising a family, or they stagnate |
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Oral Stage
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Freuds Stage 1
Sucking and feeding are most stimulating activities. the mouth, tongue, and gums provide pleasurable sensations. |
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What is assisted performance?
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lev Vygotsky's idea of giving a child a little help
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Preoperatinal
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Piaget's Stage #2, 2-6 years Symbolic thinking, like language, used to understand the world. Often thinking is egocentric, the child only understands the world through his or her perspective. The imagination takes off, language becomes an important means of self-expression and influence from others. The kids gradually begin to "decenter" or become less egocentric and to understand more points of view.
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How did BF Skinner believe behavior is learned?
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through conditioning and reinforcement
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Piaget believed in less teaching and more what?
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putting a child in a rich environment and letting them explore it - exploration
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What theory is Piaget associated with?
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The cognitive theory, which holds that the way people think and understand the world shapes them.
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A baby uses senses and motor skills to understand the world in which of Piaget's stages?
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Sensorimotor
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Children begin to apply logical operations and principlies to help understand experiences objectively and rationally, rather then intuitively in which of Piaget's stages?
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Concrete operational
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Teratogen Agents
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Substances, agents or events that interfere with embryonic or fetal dvlp.
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