The Lfie Span Human Development For Helping Proffesionals Chap 9-16

Front 1

cognitive decline begins in _________, with gradual decrease in ________

Back 1

middle adulthood, fluid intelligence.

Front 2

in ____ declines may limit the efficiency of _______ operations, such as ______ and ___________, but these effects seem to be balanced by the maintenance or advancement of ______________

Back 2

Middle Adulthood,
Working Memory,
Learning,
Memory,
Crystallized Intelligence

Front 3

Does crystallized intelligence begin to decline along with continuing losses in fluid intelligence?

Back 3

Longitudinal studies suggest that crystallized intelligence, as represented by measures of verbal ability and factual knowledge, for example, does not show average declines until about age 74, and the declines are modest thereafter.

Front 4

dementia

Back 4

a phenomenon called terminal drop, or terminal decline. When cognitive functioning is so severely impaired that it affects our ability to relate to others and to manage our own daily activities.

Front 5

Normal aging does not lead to____

Back 5

dementia, although the frequency of illnesses and conditions that cause dementia does increase with age.

Front 6

illnesses and conditions that cause dementia?

Back 6

cerebrovascular accidents, strokes, multi-infarct dementia, Alzheimer disease

Front 7

cerebrovascular accidents, strokes

Back 7

an artery serving the brain is either clogged or burst starving the brain of vital oxygen.

Front 8

multi-infarct dementia

Back 8

many minor strokes can gradually do sufficient damage to cause dementia.

Front 9

Alzheimer's disease (AD)

Back 9

most common form of dementia, autopsy have found this disease to include plaques and tangles which may interfere with communication between neurons and even cause cell death.

Front 10

plaques

Back 10

clumps of insoluble protein that are damaging to the neurons

Front 11

tangles

Back 11

twisted filaments of another protein, which may interfere with neuronal communication.

Front 12

autobiographical memory

Back 12

the remembered self, "representations of who we have been at various points in the past" it provides us with a "sense of identity in narrative form".

Front 13

recency

Back 13

the strength of a memory declines the more time has passed since the memory was formed

Front 14

two very salient characteristics of self-memories for adults of all ages

Back 14

recency, "the bump"

Front 15

the bump

Back 15

the tendency for older adults to have increased recollection for events that occurred during their adolescence and early adulthood.

Front 16

flashbulb memories

Back 16

recollections that are especially vivid and personally relevant

Front 17

older adults tend to perform better on test when they are told they are

Back 17

testing as part of the younger group

Front 18

selection

Back 18

the process of narrowing our goals and limiting the domains in which we expend effort

Front 19

optimization

Back 19

finding ways to enhance the achievement of remaining goals or finding environments that are enhancing.

Front 20

compensation

Back 20

final process that contributes to successful development. finding another means when we have a loss of some kind that prevents the use of one means to an end.

Front 21

three combined processes of successful development

Back 21

selective optimization with compensation.

Front 22

self determination theory

Back 22

people are motivated by needs for autonomy, competence, relatedness.

Front 23

competence

Back 23

feeling effective in ones interactions with the social environment and experiencing opportunities to exercise and express one's capacities.

Front 24

two broad types of strategies that people use to control their destinies

Back 24

primary and secondary control strategies

Front 25

primary control

Back 25

when our control efforts are attempts to affect the immediate environment beyond ourselves.

Front 26

stages of retirement

Back 26

honeymoon, disenchantment, reorientation, stability, termination

Front 27

honeymoon

Back 27

time when people focus on the pleasures of being free from the constraints of old schedules, dress codes, and other work demands.

Front 28

disenchantment

Back 28

occurs when people begin to experience an emotional "letdown" as they face the day-to-day realities of retirement, such as separation from work colleagues, uncertainties about how to feel competent and in control ect.

Front 29

reorientation

Back 29

stage 2, can be a time of active trial and error. retiree seeks solutions for the problems that retirement presents and tries strategies for building a satisfactory life.

Front 30

stability

Back 30

stage 4, the retiree finds a functional path that seems to work.

Front 31

termination

Back 31

stage 5, the end of life transition, when the individuals health declines and she becomes dependent on others for her care.

Front 32

secondary control

Back 32

refers to our attempts to change ourselves.

Front 33

wisdom

Back 33

expertise in the fundamental pragmatics of life

Front 34

______ emotional experiences is _____ in old age, ______ emotional experience is _____, and the complexity of emotional experience is increased

Back 34

positive, maintained, negative, reduced.

Front 35

older adults are more likely to remember

Back 35

positive experiences than negative ones

Front 36

palliative care

Back 36

or comfort care, involves services provided by caregivers from several disciplines. embodies a comprehensive approach to care that addresses pain management, emotional and spiritual care, and psychological support for caregivers and survivors.

Front 37

hospice movement

Back 37

serves people suffering from terminal illness, good example of palliative, patient-centered approach.

Front 38

refusal of treatment

Back 38

refers to patients refusal of any food, water, or medical treatment that prolongs life.

Front 39

physician-assisted suicide

Back 39

involves prescribing medicine that enables patients to take their own lives.

Front 40

active euthanasia

Back 40

refers to injection of a medication by someone else that causes immediate death.

Front 41

double effect

Back 41

means giving medication intended to relieve pain even though there is a chance that death can result

Front 42

advance directive or living wills

Back 42

statements, typically in writing, that describes a persons wishes regarding medical treatment in the even of incurable illness.

Front 43

studies show that knowledge of end of life treatment option

Back 43

is generally poor even among educated.

Front 44

denial

Back 44

temporarily protects the person from the reality of a terrifying situation, associated with feelings of numbness or disbelief and buffers the person from the full weight of the threat.

Front 45

grief work

Back 45

freud believed that individuals who lose a loved one (or object) must withdraw their emotional attachments or energy (or libido) and detach from the lost object. If not they will dwell on it and suffer depression.

Front 46

decathecting

Back 46

detaching emotionally, from the former relationship and reinvesting psychic energy into the formation of new attachments. Freud.

Front 47

bowlbys for phases of the grieving process

Back 47

shock, protest, despair, reorganization

Front 48

shock (grieving)

Back 48

the grieving person may experience numbness or feelings of unreality. Emotions may be blunted

Front 49

protest (grieving)

Back 49

second phase of grieving, reality of loss sets in, bereaved individuals may experience periods of obsessive yearning or searching for the lost loved one as well as bouts of restlessness or irritability.

Front 50

despair (grieving)

Back 50

may be characterized by great sadness; social withdrawal, sleeping eating or somatic disturbances.

Front 51

reorganization (grieving)

Back 51

Gradually the bereaved person begins to adjust to the loss. they discover ways to hold on to the memory of the deceased and integrate that memory into their current life and new attachments.

Front 52

According to bowlby absence of grieving is

Back 52

a maldaptive defense against the trauma of loss, characteristic of a highly avoidant attachment pattern, bereaved individuals suppress grief and try to exclude frightening an painful feeling from consciousness.

Front 53

dual process model

Back 53

proposed by stoebe and shut, depicts and interplay of stressors and coping strategies within flexible, oscillating framework. bereaved individuals simultaneously engage in two kinds of coping mechanisms, approach and avoidance, the wax and wane over the course of grieving.

Front 54

loss focused

Back 54

confronting the painful reality of death, expressing sadness, and gradually desensitizing ones to the reminds of loss that can lead to rumination or excessive preoccupation and, often, great distress.

Front 55

restoration focused grief

Back 55

a type of coping strategy directed toward handling the practical task that need to be done to carry on with daily life.

Front 56

approach avoidance interplay protects bereaved individuals from exacting extremes of unrelieved distressed

Back 56

going back and fort between emotion-focused (loss-oriented) and problem-focused (restoration-oriented) modes of coping.

Front 57

ways to accommodate elderly clients

Back 57

lengthening the sessions in individual counseling, group therapy formats is more important in reducing relapse, using different types of therapy.

Front 58

hedonic treadmill

Back 58

when people are driven to strive for material gain, they are often quickly habituated to each new level of wealth. The more the individual strives for further material gain the less attention he is likely to give to other pursuits that are more strongly linked to satisfaction.

Front 59

the american paradox

Back 59

1st hedonic treadmill, 2nd lifestyle affluence decreases the forces that ordinarily create supportive relationships like turning to family and friends for child or elder care. third, having material resources allows people to make choices and to control much of their lives, greater expectation to create a perfect life.

Front 60

personality traits like extraversion and neurotocism are

Back 60

strongly correlated with subjective well-being measures, much more so than external factors like wealth.

Front 61

example of why personality probably influences well being for many reasons.

Back 61

personalty affects what information people attention to and remember. Information that is congruent with an individuals personality is more likely to be fully processed. e.g extraverts process rewarding stimuli for longer periods than introverts.

Front 62

Individuals who have a more positive attitude and better social skills are more likely to_____________

Back 62

successfully make friends, develop confidants, and create long-term partnerships.

Front 63

a collectivist culture may be more cautious about bringing personal problems to the attention of others because

Back 63

they share the cultural assumption that individuals should not burden their social networks and that others share the same sense of social obligation.

Front 64

what tends to promote happiness

Back 64

Personality characteristics that support an "other" rather than a "self" orientation.

Front 65

true self

Back 65

part of psychological need that should be met, expression of oneself, thought activities that are congruent with their own deeply held values and are fully engaged.

Front 66

hedonic well being

Back 66

subjective well being, an individuals experience of overall life satisfaction, including satisfaction with particular domains of life, frequency of positive mood, and relative infrequency of negative mood.

Front 67

Core Principles of end of life care

Back 67

1. Respecting the dignity of both patients and caregivers. 2. Being Sensitive and Respectful of the patients and family's wishes. 3. Using the most appropriate measures that are consistent with patient choices. 4. Encompassing alleviation of pain and other physical symptoms. 5. Assessing and managing psychological, social, and spiritual/religion problems. 6. Offering continuity (the patient should be able to continue to be cared for, if so desired by his/her primary care and specialist providers) 7. Providing access to any therapy that may be realitically expected to improve the patients quality of life, including alternative and nontraditional treatments. 8. Providing access to palliative care and hospice care. 9. Respecting the right to refuse treatment. 10 Respecting the physicians professional right to discontinue some treatments when appropriate, with consideration fro both patient and family preferences. 11. Promoting clinical evidence-based research on providing care at end-of-life.

Front 68

Elizabeth Kubler Ross

Back 68

Swiss-born psychiatrist, began to study patients who faced death. Constructed the 5 stages as: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance. They can occur simultaneously, and out of sequence.

Front 69

Bowlbys phases of grieving process

Back 69

shock, protest, despair, reorganization. Bowlby believed that bereaved individuals do not decathect, or detach, from their lost loved ones. Instead they find ways to hold on to the memory of the deceased.

Front 70

Dual Process Model

Back 70

Front 71

Terminal drop (terminal decline)

Back 71

As adults approach the end of their lives, between 6 months and 5 years, they may show substantial decline in intellectual functioning as indicated by scores on intelligence test.

Front 72

Negative traits associated with older adults

Back 72

severely impaired, despondent, Shrew/curmudgeon, Recluse

Front 73

Positive traits associated with stereotypes of older adutls

Back 73

Golden ager, Perfect grandparent, John wayne Conservative.

Front 74

who suggested the three processes that are key to successful development at any age?

Back 74

Baltes and Baltes, Selection, Optimization, Compensation.

Front 75

Erikson suggested that _____where important in the construction of identity of an adolescent

Back 75

peers

Front 76

Who expanded on Erkisons work of social identity?

Back 76

Seltzer expanded on Eriksons ideas, specifying how and why the peer group pays such a central role.

Front 77

frameworklessness

Back 77

Seltzer explained how the changes in appearance, emergency of sexual needs, hormonal shifts, and heightened irritability produce a state of instability and anxiety unique to adolescence.

Front 78

According to Seltzer why are peers so important?

Back 78

because adolescents share in common the unique state of frameworklnessness. She descbirbes nine basic characteristics that define this age group in contemporary society. Also argues that peers become both the site and the raw materials for constructing an identity.

Front 79

Seltzers twin processes

Back 79

social comparison (evaluate themselves in comparison to others) attribute substitution (involves both imitation and identification, adolescents need to borrow and try on various behaviors and attributes.

Front 80

the family life cycle

Back 80

stage like sequence of traditional family development, partners become parents, rear and launch their children, become "empty-nesters," and subsequently face old age.

Front 81

parenting style was linked to four aspects of teens adjustment

Back 81

psychosocial development, school achievement, internalized distress, and problem behavior.

Front 82

sensation seeking

Back 82

the need for varied, novel, and complex sensations, and experiences and the willingness to take physical and social risk for the sake of these experiences.

Front 83

sensation seeking is related to the maturing of the

Back 83

emotional brain system, the mostly subcoritcal limbic system and paralimbic structures.

Front 84

steinbergs "a tale of two brain systems"

Back 84

cognitive changes mediated by maturation of cortical areas, especially parts of the prefrontal cortex, support improvements in speed of information processing, inhibitory control and so on. these systems mature much slowly than the emotional system and the connections develop slowly between both brain systems.

Front 85

for adolescents in emotionally salient situtations which brain system willw in

Back 85

the limbic system will win over control systems given its maturity relative to the prefrontal control system.

Front 86

Arnett Globalization

Back 86

"a process by which cultures influence one another and become more alike through trade, immigration, and the exchange of information and ideas". Arnett believed in globalization of western society to other parts of the world.

Front 87

Arnetts respondents indicated that the two most important qualifications for adulthood are____

Back 87

first, accepting responsibility for the consequence of ones actions and second, making independent decisions. becoming financially independent, was third.

Front 88

Perry

Back 88

William Perry; psychologist; his work from the 1970s indicated that college students, over the course of their studies, shift from dualistic thinking (a perspective is either right or wrong) to multiple thinking (multiple perspectives are possible) to relativistic thinking (multiple perspectives can be simultaneously valid); at end of college career, the student is able to form own stand, making a commitment to a personal moral code or personal ethic

Front 89

relativistic thinking

Back 89

multiple perspectives can be simultaneously valid

Front 90

bowlby adult attachment secure

Back 90

in their relationships--to feel confident that their partners will be there for them when needed, and open to depending on others and having others depend on them.

Front 91

Bowlby Adult attachment anxious-resistant

Back 91

they worry that others may not love them completely, and be easily frustrated or angered when their attachment needs go unmet.

Front 92

Bowlby Adult Attachment

Back 92

they may appear not to care too much about close relationships, and may prefer not to be too dependent upon other people or to have others be too dependent upon them.

Front 93

Three Implications of Adult Attachment Theory

Back 93

First, if adult romantic relationships are attachment relationships, then we should observe the same kinds of individual differences in adult relationships that Ainsworth observed in infant-caregiver relationships.Second, if adult romantic relationships are attachment relationships, then the way adult relationships "work" should be similar to the way infant-caregiver relationships work.Third, whether an adult is secure or insecure in his or her adult relationships may be a partial reflection of his or her experiences with his or her primary caregivers. Bowlby believed that the mental representations or working models

Front 94

K. Warner Schaie, developmentalist; 5 stages of cognitive development

Back 94

1. acquisitive stage—the task of acquiring information spans all of childhood and adolescence

2. achieving stage—the task of applying one’s intelligence to reach career and family goals during early adulthood

3. responsible stage—the task of protecting career and family during and after the transition from early to middle adulthood

4. executive stage—the task of broadening focus from the personal domain to the community or societal level, typically occurring later than the responsible stage in middle adulthood but not necessarily exhibited by all adults

5. reintegrative stage—the task of applying one’s intelligence to issues of great personal concern during late adulthood

Front 95

postformal thought

Back 95

Labouvie-Vief’s term for adult thinking that does not rely on logic or reason but instead takes into account relativistic nature of problems and solutions; adult thinking that sees gray areas in addition to previously perceived right-or-wrong, on-or-off; flexible thinking that acknowledges the world as complex and contradictory

Front 96

Labouvie-Vief

Back 96

Giesela Labouvie-Vief, developmentalist; adult thinking must be flexible and adaptive in order to cope in a complex, specialized society; key words: postformal thought, no right or wrong answers

Front 97

; eight universal stages describe human development across the life span

Back 97

trust vs mistrust
autonomy vs shame
initiative vs guilt
industry/competence vs inferiority
identity vs role confusion
intimacy vs isolation
generativity vs stagnation
ego-integrity despair

Front 98

The big five personality traits

Back 98

Openness to Experience/Intellect, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism

Front 99

John Gottman’s FOUR HORSEMEN OF THE APOCALYPSE

Back 99

Criticism, Contempt:,Defensiveness:,Stonewalling:

Front 100

for woman without high school degrees what percent are more likely to get divorces

Back 100

60%

Front 101

for woman with college degrees what percent of marriages end in divorce

Back 101

33%

Front 102

Supers Stages of Career Development

Back 102

Growth, (ExES MaDe) Exploration, Establishment, Maintenance, and Decline

Front 103

Ages of Growth, Exploration, Establishment, Maintenance, and Decline

Back 103