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50 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
The epiglottis is hugged laterally by what part of the hyoid bone?
The lesser horns. The epiglottis sits just posterior to the body of the hyoid bone.
The larynx is continuous inferiorly and superiorly with what?
Superiorly by the pharynx and inferiorly by the trachea
The larynx has what functional characteristics?
Act as a valve to close off the airway and as an instrument to produce sound.
What are the main structural features of the thyroid cartilage?
1. Superior/inferior horns
2. laryngeal prominence
3. Laminae (flat areas anterior)4. Oblique line
Superior to the superior horns of the thyroid cartilage and later to the epiglottis lay small cartilaginous structures called?
Triticeal cartilages
The arytenoid cartilage has what structural features?
1. Apex (corniculate cuneiform cartilages lay superomedial)
2. Vocal process (medial angle of arytenoid cartilages
3. Base (inferior border)
4. Muscular process (lateral point of arytenoid cartilage)
The cricoid has what identifiable landmarks associated with it?
1. Lamina
2. Arch (anterior)
3. Thyroid articular surface (small area on the posterolateral surface)
4. Arytenoid articular surface (posterosuperolateral) 8)
The arytenoid is located where in relation to the thyroid and cricoid cartilages?
Posterior to the thyroid cartilage and superior to the cricoid cartilage.
The triticeal membrane is located within what membrane?
Thyrohyoid membrane
What ligament binds the epiglottis to the hyoid bone?
Hyoepiglottic ligament
What ligament binds the inferior portion of the epiglottis to the thyroid cartilage?
Thyroepiglottic ligament
What ligament spans the space between the thyroid and cricoid cartilages?
Median cricothyroid ligament
What ligament spans between the cricoid cartilage and first tracheal ring?
cricotracheal ligament
The vocal ligament is semicircular in shape and spans between which structures?
Between the vocal processes of both arytenoid cartilages. Its lower edge is attached to the superior edge of the cricoid arch.
The true vocal cords are defined as what?
The thickened free superior edges of the vocal ligaments.
The lower free edge of the quadrangular membrane is called what?
The vestibular ligament
The thickened upper free edge of the quadrangular membrane is called what?
Aryepiglottic ligament
The aryepiglottic ligament attaches to what structure posteriorly?
The corniculate cartilage
A cricothyoidectomy is performed through what structure?
Cricothyroid membrane/median cricothyroid ligament.
The cricothyroid joint promotes what types of movement?
Tipping of the thyroid cartilage forward on the cricoid
What movements do the cricoarytenoid joints allow?
Sliding and rotation of the arytenoid cartilage on the upper surface of the cricoid lamina
What is the opening from the larynx to the trachea called?
Rima glottidis
The vestibular folds close upon what action?
Effort closure (swallowing)
Describe the steps of phonation:
1. At a certain pressure, the air forces the vocal folds apart.
2. As the air passes through, its velocity increases (Venturi tube effect) and its pressure decreases (Bernoulli principle).
3. The decreased pressure causes the vocal folds to snap shut, lower edge first.
4. A single cycle of opening and closing the vocal folds takes 1/100 of a second.
What is the only muscle that abducts the vocal folds?
Posterior cricoarytenoid m. it is innervated by the recurrent laryngeal n.
What muscles adduct the vocal folds?
1. Lateral cricoarytenoid m
2. Transverse arytenoid
What muscles change the tension of the vocal cords?
1. Vocalis
2. cricothyroid m
What muscles close the laryngeal inlet?
1. Oblique arytenoid m
2. Thyroarytenoid m
Where does the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle span between?
From cricoid cartilage to muscular process of arytenoid cartilage
Where does the lateral cricoarytenoid muscle span between?
From cricoid cartilage to muscular process of arytenoid cartilage
What is the process of shortening and relaxing the vocal ligaments?
The vocalis m can contract or relax changing the tilt position of the arytenoid cartilages. Shortening and relaxation of vocal ligaments by tilting arytenoid cartilages
The cricothyroid muscles have what action on the vocal chords?
It can stretch and tense the vocal cords by contracting and tilting the thyroid cartilage forward.
What muscles are responsible for closing the laryngeal inlet?
The oblique arytenoid m
The internal laryngeal n pierces what structure to enter the larynx?
The thyrohyoid membrane
What muscles does the external laryngeal n pierce?
The cricothyroid mm and inferior pharyngeal constrictor m.
How does the recurrent laryngeal n enter the larynx?
Passes deep to the inferior border of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor m where it becomes the inferior laryngeal nerve above the cricothyroid joint.
The external laryngeal n carries only GE fibers and innervates what muscles of the larynx?
Only the cricothyroid m. it also innervates the inferior pharyngeal constrictor m. All other larynx mm are innervated by the inferior laryngeal n
What types of nerve fibers does the internal laryngeal n carry?
VE parasympathetic to mucosa superior to the vocal fold and GA from the mucosa superior to the vocal fold & piriform recess.
What nerve provides VE parasympathetics to the mucosa inferior to the vocal fold?
Inferior laryngeal n. The internal laryngeal n carries parasympathetic to mucosa superior to the vocal fold.
Parasympathetics to the mucosa of larynx synapse where?
Directly in the mucosa. No associated ganglia.
Where does food or other objects tend to lodge in the throat?
The piriform recesses of the pharynx
What nerves are vulnerable due to their superficial location in the piriform recess?
Internal laryngeal nerves.
Recite the pathways of the cough reflex:
Afferent: internal laryngeal nerve (X) stimulated in glottis or piriform recess
Efferent: phrenic nerve (take a deep breath) and recurrent laryngeal nerve (X) (closes the glottis to build up infraglottic pressure)
What are the symptoms associated with dmg to the vagus n at the jugular foramen?
Paramedian position of the affected vocal fold (paralysis of the adductors and abductor mm), inability to close the glottis, severe hoarseness
What are the symptoms associated with dmg to the recurrent laryngeal n?
Complication of thyroid surgery, bronchial carcinoma, aortic aneurysm

Unilateral damage results in hoarseness
Bilateral damage results in aphonia and/or laryngeal spasm
Damage to the internal laryngeal nerve results in what?
Anesthesia and loss of the cough reflex.
Damage to the external laryngeal nerve results in what?
Results in a monotonous voice (paralyzed cricothyroid m)
Damage to the superior laryngeal nerve results in what?
Complication of carotid surgery
Combination of anesthesia and monotonous voice
The inferior thyroid vein is a branch from what?
The brachiocephalic vein
What vessels to the larynx branch from the internal jugular vein?
Superior and middle thyroid veins.