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114 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Describe the history of wine and vines as it pertains to the East Coast of the US
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there were many wild vines when the Norse explorers came (they called it Vinland), however these indigenous grapes were unsuitable for wine.
settlers brought vinifera, but since it was from europe, it was susceptible to phylloxera! |
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Who was Dr. Konstantin Frank
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hired by East Coast winery
showed how vinifera could work in N. America |
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Describe the conditions of the West Coast of the US and how it pertained to wine history
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Spanish settlers
wine a big part of church Mission variety - not very high quality |
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What was a key impediment to wine culture in the US in the 1920s - 1933 and why?
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Prohibition
stopped quality and technological advances took a while for demand to grow after Prohibition ended. |
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Describe AVA
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- American Viticultural Area
- defined by geographic, climatic, topographic boundaries - recent - no regulations on yields: grape varieties - AVA does NOT have to appear on label |
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Describe California's wine industry in the US
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95% of the wine
range of quality lots of investment and customer interest consumers now wanting high quality UC Davis University has contributed via research |
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Describe California's climate in general terms
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Mediterranean
Fog and ocean influences Spring frost can be a threat |
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Describe the soils of California in general terms
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generally fertile
alluvial rich loam volcanic granite |
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Describe the Viticulture techniques of California
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lower density than EU
Irrigation common Mechanical Harvesting, but Hand harvesting in quality vineyards Many training systems Organic viticulture Phylloxera and Pierce's disease are threats |
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Describe the history and affects of Phylloxera in California
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UC Davis developed a hybrid rootstock (AXR1).
Was originally resistant, but then became susceptible to a strain 1980's - 2nd wave 1990's - major replanted |
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How was Phylloxera beneficial to California?
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they started planting according to the soil, proper density, etc.
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What other disease is a threat to California and describe it?
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Pierce's disease
glassy-winged sharpshooter bacterial |
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What grapes are most susceptible to Pierce's disease?
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Chardonnay
Pinot Noir |
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What is the cure for Pierce's disease?
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There isn't one :(
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What type of wine does California usually produce?
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Modern
fruit forward, full-bodied wines soft texture (late harvesting) |
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Whites of California
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Chardonnay
Sauvignon Blanc Chenin Blanc |
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Reds of California
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Cabernet Sauvignon
Merlot Malbec Zinfandel Pinot Noir Syrah |
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Describe the wine and growing conditions of Lodi / Woodbridge AVA
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highly productive (high yields)
warm, dry northern valley between mountain ranges Zinfandel! (adapts best to this heat) everyday drinking |
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Describe the general climate of the Napa Valley AVA
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warmer in the north
fog valley floor extensively planted known for cabernet sauvignon! |
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Name 4 subregions of the Napa Valley
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Oakville AVA
Rutherford AVA Howell Mountain AVA Stag's Leap AVA Alexander Valley AVA |
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Describe the wines of Oakville AVA
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concentrated fruit
middle of the valley Cabernet Sauvignon |
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Describe the wines of Rutherford AVA
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distinct minerality
Cabernet Sauvignon |
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What do Rutherford AVA and Oakville AVA have in common?
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rich, deep soils
classic Cabernet SauvIgnon some of the most expensive land |
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Describe the wines and climate of Howell Mountain AVA
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tannic
higher acid (from high altitude) can be austere in youth (need age) volcanic, shallow, infertile (leads to minerality) |
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Describe the wines and climate of Stag's Leap AVA
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herbal notes
bright red, fruity wines at best: iron fist in a velvet glove valley floor, but wind in the afternoon slower ripening |
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Describe the wines and climate of Carneros AVA
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chardonnay
pinot noir sparkling wine! fog and wind sucked in from ocean (cools and dries moisture) earlier ripening varieties sometimes labelled Carneros, sometimes Napa |
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Which is larger, Sonoma County AVA or Sonoma Valley AVA?
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Sonoma County AVA - it covers the entire county, whereas Sonoma Valley AVA just covers best wines from higher elevations.
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What type of wine is Sonoma Valley AVA known for?
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Zinfandel
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Name 3 Sonoma County AVA's
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Sonoma Valley AVA
Russian River Valley AVA Dry Creek Valley AVA |
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Describe the wines and climate of the Russian River Valley AVA
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Redwood trees and fog
Profound ocean influence Zinfandel and Pinot Noir |
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Describe the wine of Dry Creek Valley AVA
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spicy, voluptuous Zinfandels
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Describe the climate of Central Coast AVA
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granite ridges running east and west
cold ocean current lower temperatures (cooler summer) Maritime climate |
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Memorize these positions
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http://www.sonomawinegrape.org/ava_map.html
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Name some AVA's in the Central Coast AVA region
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Santa Barbara AVA
Santa Maria AVA Santa Ynez AVA |
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What types of wines is the Central Coast known for and who has influenced this?
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Top quality Pinot Noir
Chardonnay The Rhone Rangers! |
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Describe the cuisine, food style, and ingredients of California
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fusion
local ingredients many cultures influenced avocado, swordfish, shrimp, oranges |
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Where is Washington's center for grape growing?
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Columbia Valley, Eastern WA
(east of Cascade Mtns) |
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Where is Washington's center for wine making?
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Western Washington, around Seattle
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Describe the climate of Western WA
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wet
humid west of mountains (creates a rain shadow) marginal growing conditions |
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Describe the climate of Eastern WA
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cold continental
east of Cascades arid dessert summers very cold winters |
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What do Western and Eastern WA have in common?
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short growing seasons
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Viticulture style of Washington
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high cordon training
- vines face south for protection in winter - cold air is low sandy loam soil wind machines, etc. protect against winter freeze irrigation from Columbia River Merlot (but it's sensitive to frost) structure from extreme day / night temps |
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Why is sandy loam soil good for Washington?
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inhospitable to phylloxera
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Vinification style of Washington
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- modern
- advanced technology - wide use of oak - grapes and juice transported far to winery - so use of sulphur is key |
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Wines of Washington and how they differ from California
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Merlot
Cabernet Sauvignon Syrah Riesling Chardonnay - bright fruit and crisp acidity (differing from California) |
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Name the largest AVA in Washington as well as some of the AVA's in it
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Columbia Valley AVA
AVA's within it: * Yakima Valley * Walla Walla Valley * Red Mountain * Wahluke Slope * Horse Heaven Hills * Rattlesnake Hills * Columbia Gorge |
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What AVA is shared with Oregon?
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Columbia Gorge AVA
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What AVA covers the Coastal area of Washington?
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Puget Sound AVA
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Describe the size of production and level of quality of Oregon wines
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small production, small growers
high quality many individual grower sites |
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Describe the general climate of Oregon
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cool maritime
west side of Cascades |
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Describe the soil of Oregon
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Nothing exceptionally fertile
Volcanic Marine Fossils Red-clay loam |
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Describe the Viticulture techniques of Oregon
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Canopy management to increase sunlight
Cane pruning Environmental consciousness (sustainable, organic, biodynamic). LIVE movement long term vineyard contracts better clone is key to quality |
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What are the vinification styles of Oregon?
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many single varietal wines
Burgundian techniques adopted use of old AND new barrels |
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What is the flagship grape of Oregon?
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Pinot Noir
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What is the most planted grape of Oregon?
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Pinot Gris
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Name 3 additional whites grown in Oregon
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Chardonnay
Riesling Gewurztraminer - (in addition to Pinot Gris) |
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What is the most important AVA of Oregon and where is it?
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Willamette Valley
largest area excellent reputation for Pinot Noir Located in the foothills of the Cascade mountains |
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Name some sub-AVA's of Willamette Valley AVA
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All AVAs:
Yamhill-Carleton McMinnville Dundee Hills Ribbon Ridge Eola-Amity Hills Chehalem Mountains |
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What is the typical Pacific Northwest food?
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oysters
salmon hazelnuts mushrooms black truffles lamb artisan cheeses |
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Name the 2 grape growing regions of Canada
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Niagara Peninsula
Okanagan Valley |
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What is the organization that regulated wine in Canada?
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VQA = Vintners Quality Alliance
defines regional boundaries guarantees the grapes were grown in Canada |
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Describe the climate of the Niagara Peninsula
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cold continental
humid in summer winter freeze a threat great lakes moderate |
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Describe the climate of the Okanagan Valley
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cold continental
arid desert conditions Lake Okanagan has moderating effect |
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What type of growing season do Niagara and the Okanagan share?
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short growing season
(also, vintage variation) |
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What type of soil does the Niagara Peninsula have?
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limestone
glacial till |
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What kind of soil does the Okanagan Valley have?
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sand!
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Describe the viticulture of the Niagara Peninsula
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winter protection practices
cold resistant rootstocks |
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Describe the viticulture of the okanagan valley
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irrigation by lake okanagan
frost protection in early spring |
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What types of grape varieties is the Niagara known for?
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Riesling
Cabernet Franc also, history of hybrids: Vidal Baco noir (combat frost, winter) |
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What types of grape varieties is the Okanagan Valley known for?
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Pinot gris
Pinot blanc Riesling Pinot noir Merlot Syrah Chardonnay |
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Describe the history of wine in Chile
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Spanish conquistadores brought vines
France had a greater influence on the industry botanical nursery set up in 1830 (bank of cuttings before phylloxera) phylloxera never hit Chile (also, because it was isolated) |
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Describe the climate of Chile
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Mediterranean
ocean breezes (pacific ocean to the west) altitude influence specific sites (andes mountins in the east) |
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What is the type of soil in Chile?
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sand
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Describe the viticulture of Chile
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irrigation from melted snow in Mountains
ungrafted vines lifecycle of vine opposite of N. America (harvest february to may in Southern Hemisphere) |
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What is the wine style and what types of wines does Chile make?
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style is in between old and new world
Cabernet sauvignon Merlot Carmenere (late ripening red) Chardonnay Sauvignon blanc |
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Name 5 important regions of Chile
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Aconcagua
Casablanca Maipo Rapel Maule Bio Bio |
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Where is Aconcagua and what type of wine does it produce?
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most northerly region
hot, dry, interior good red wines |
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What is the climate and wine style of Casablanca?
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cool, wet (close to ocean)
some fog crisp whites Pinot Noir |
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What is the best known region of Chile and what type of wine does it produce?
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Maipo (south of Santiago)
Cabernet Sauvignon and Chardonnay are the most widely planted varieties |
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What are the subregions of Rapel and what type of wine does this area produce?
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Cachapoal
Colchagua -Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot |
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What regions are cooler and have excellent potential in chile?
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Maule
Bio Bio |
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Describe the wine industry in Argentina
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large producer (world's 5th biggest)
large number of consumers many European influences traditionally high yields of low quality wine bulk wine for export recent focus on high quality wine for exports cheap labour, inexpensive wine |
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Describe the climate of Argentina
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warm continental
altitude moderates heat low rainfall |
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Describe the soils in Argentina
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sand
clay alluvial |
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Describe the viticulture of Argentina
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traditionally very high yields
best sites at high altitudes irrigation channels (recently moved to drip irrigation from flood irrigation) |
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Vinification style of Argentina?
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quality producers making concentrated reds with some oak
crisp whites previously: bulk wine production perfected in 1960s and 1970s traditionally production of light colored roses |
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Wines of Argentina?
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Malbec*
Cabernet Sauvignon Bonarda (Italian) Torrontes (aromatic white) Chardonnay Syrah |
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Describe the 3 main wine regions in Argentina
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Mendoza
San Juan Cafayate (Salta) |
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Wine style of Mendoza
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concentrated reds
(largest production, foreign investment) |
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Who is 2nd in terms of production in Argentina?
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San Juan
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What type of wine comes from Cafayate (northerly region in Salta)
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aromatic Torrontes
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Food and ingredients of Argentina
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fresh fruit and veggies
seafood beef organ meats avocado seafood, steak beans corn squash chilies |
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Name the AVAs of Sonoma, California
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1 Alexander Valley
2 Bennett Valley 3 Chalk Hill 4 Dry Creek Valley 5 Green Valley of Russian River Valley 6 Knights Valley 7 Los Carneros 8 Northern Sonoma 9 Rockpile 10 Russian River Valley 11 Sonoma Coast 12 Sonoma Valley 13 Sonoma Mountain |
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Describe Napa AVA: Los Carneros
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Climate: Cool, Marine winds San Pablo Bay, and Petaluma Gap to the west
High temperatures rarely exceed 80º (27ºC) Elevation: Sea level–700 feet (217 m) Principal varieties: Pinot Noir, Merlot and Chardonnay |
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Describe Atlas Peak AVA (Napa)
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Climate: Cool, mountain-influenced.
Temp. 10 to 15°F cooler than Valley floor in summer. Above the fog line, there is a low diurnal change, with summer temperatures rarely above 90°F (32.2°C). Elevation: 760 to 2600 ft (231m to 792m). Rainfall: 38 inches (96cm) annually. Soils: Volcanic, basaltic red color, shallow, limited water retention. Irrigation is often essential. Principal Varieties: Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay. |
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Describe Calistoga AVA (Napa)
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Climate: Warm to hot, lower humidity; summer temperatures peak to 90°F (32.2°C) and fall to low 50s°F (11°C), the result of marine air from the northwest; cool afternoon and evening breezes
Elevation: 300 to 1200 ft (92 to 370m) Rainfall: 38 to 60 inches (96.5 to 150cm) annually Soils: Volcanic: rocky, stony loam ( hillsides) to gravelly or cobbly loams (alluvial fans), to heavier clay-silt soils in the valley center areas Principal varieties: Cabernet Sauvignon, Zinfandel, Syrah, Petite Sirah |
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Describe the Coombsville AVA (Napa)
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Climate: Temperate climate moderated by near-proximity to the San Francisco Bay and the influences of marine air
Elevation: Most vineyards: 100-500 foot (30-150 m), small portion tops 1000 feet (300 m) Rainfall: 24.6 inches (62 cm)/yr in last 100 years Soils: Weathered volcanic rock, alluvial deposits from the surrounding Vaca Range Principal varieties: Cabernet Sauvignon (hillsides) Merlot, Chardonnay, Syrah and Pinot Noir in the lower, cooler sites |
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Describe the Diamond Mountain AVA (Napa)
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Climate: Moderately warm temperatures
Elevation: 400 to 2200 ft. (130 to 530m) Rainfall: 40 to 55 inches (135cm) annually. Soils: Residual uplifted soils of volcanic origin, often reddish and very fine-grained, even gritty in texture, composed of both weathered sedimentary and volcanic origin. |
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What are the principal varieties Napa's Diamond Mountain AVA?
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Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc: firmly structured, fairly tannic when young,
Blackcurrant, mineral, and cedary flavors Good aging potential. Chardonnay: Full-bodied |
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Describe the Howell Mountain AVA
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Climate: Warm dry days, cool nights
Elevation: 600 to 2200 ft (184 to 675m). Rainfall: 40 to 50 inches (125cm) annually. Soils: Predominantly volcanic, shallow and infertile. Drainage is high, fertility low. |
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What are the principal varieties of the Howell Mountain AVA?
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Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Zinfandel: Powerful, firm, blackberry-currant flavors, tannic, with excellent acidity for aging.
Chardonnay, Viognier: Sinewy, firm and not as fruity as those of the valley floor, revealing more citrus and stone fruit flavors. |
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Describe the Mount Veeder AVA
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Climate: Cool to moderate, warm days, cool night.
Most vineyards above the fog-line, less diurnal range than the valley floor. Typical mid-summer highs 85°F (30°C). Elevation: 600 to 2100 ft. (183 to 650m). Rainfall: 35 inches (87.5cm) annually. Soils: Sedimentary based, former seabed, shallow and generally well drained, as well as more acidic, with low fertility. Most have a sandy or sandy-loam texture. |
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What are the principal varieties in the Mount Veeder AVA?
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Principal varieties: Ageability is a hallmark of Mt. Veeder wines. Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Zinfandel: Low yields give red wines a firm, tannic structure with strong earth-berry aromas and rich, but powerful flavors.
Chardonnay: minerally, appley, even citrus flavors with good acidity. |
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Describe the Oakville AVA
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Climate: Moderately warm, mid-90°F (34-35.5°C) in high summer.
East side of AVA receives more of warmer afternoon sun. Elevation: 75 to 500 ft (23 to 150m). Rainfall: 35 inches (87.5cm) annually. Soils: Primarily sedimentary gravelly alluvial loams on the western side, with more volcanic but heavier soils on the eastern side. Low to moderate fertility and fairly deep, with average water retention. |
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What are the principal varieties of the Oakville AVA?
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Principal varieties & characteristics: Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot: Ripe currant and mint flavors, rich texture and full, firm structure tempered by rich fruit.
Sauvignon Blanc: Full, steely, yet very fleshy. |
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Which AVA falls in both Napa and Sonoma?
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Carneros
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4 AVA's in Western and Southern regions in Sonoma County are known for elegant Pinot Noirs, and crisp Chardonnays. what are they?
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Sonoma Coast, Los Carneros, Russian River Valley, Green Valley of Russian River Valley. (Plantings of Merlot and Syrah are known in these regions as well.)
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What is Sonoma County's newest AVA known for producing velvety cool climate Merlot and Syrah?
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Bennett Valley
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What AVA is just north of Dry Creek Valley above the fog line at an elevation of 800-1200 feet, and what do they grow there?
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Rockpile AVA - Zinfandel, Petit Syrah, and red Bordeuax Varietals.
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What 4 AVA's are found along Route 29?
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Yountville, Oakville, Rutherford, St. Helena
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What percentage of California's wine is produced in Napa Valley?
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4%
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Which California wine placed first in the 1976 Judgement of Paris
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Chateau Montelena's 1973 Chardonnay
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True or False: The US only produces wine in California, Oregon, Washington and New York
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False: Wines now comes from all 50 states
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What are the primary wine varietals of Virginia?
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Viognier, Cabernet Franc
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