The Industrial Revolution

Front 1

Britain's Advantages

Back 1

-water power and coal- fuel for machines
-rivers for inland transportation
-harbors
-stable government
1. Economic strength
2. Political stability
-factors of production
1. land, labor, capital (machines), machines

Front 2

1773 Cotton Gin

Back 2

-Eli Whitney
-multiplied the amount of cotton that could be cleaned
-American cotton production went from 1.5 million to 6 million pounds in 1810

Front 3

Agricultural Revolution (1700's)

Back 3

large land owners improved farming methods

Front 4

the improved farming methods of the agricultural revolution

Back 4

1. enabled cultivation of larger fields, new seeding and harvesting methods
2. large land owners forced small farmers to become tenant farmers or move to cities
3. jethro tull- seed drill
-allowed farmers to sow seeds in even rows at specific depths
4. crop rotation
-utilized entire field by planting crops each season that utilized different nutrients in the soil
5. livestock breeders improved methods
-only allowed the best animals to breed

Front 5

the economic shift in Europe during the Industrial Revolution

Back 5

before the Industrial Revolution: farming and handicrafts

after the Industrial Revolution: manufacturing by machines and industrial factories

Front 6

improvements in water transportation

Back 6

-steam engines sped up travel
-canal system reduced cost of transporting raw materials

Front 7

improvements in road transportation

Back 7

-improvements in technology made roads easy to travel on

Front 8

improvements in transportation by railroad

Back 8

railway age begins
-brought on industrial growth by giving manufacturers a cheap way to transport materials and finished goods
-created new jobs for railroad workers and miners
-boosted England's agricultural and fishing industries

Front 9

what type of people composed the upper class?

Back 9

land owners and aristocrats

Front 10

what type of people composed the upper middle class?

Back 10

factory owners, doctors, lawyers, managers of mines and shops

Front 11

what type of people composed the lower middle class?

Back 11

factory overseers, skilled workers, toolmakers, mechanical drafters, and printers

Front 12

what type of people composed the working class?

Back 12

-laborers and factory workers, miners
-they did not benefit from society

Front 13

What are the positive affects of Industrialization?

Back 13

access to water power
middle class prospered
better housing
cheaper goods
healthier diets
lower mortality rates

Front 14

What are the negative affects of Industrialization?

Back 14

harsh working conditions
long hours
unfair pay
rapid growth
pollution
people were unhappy
growing poor population
child labor

Front 15

the view of Thomas R. Malthus

Back 15

-population will forever outgrow the food source
-laissez-faire
-pessimist
-too many people, not enough food
-abstinence to prevent reproduction
-checks on human population

Front 16

checks on human population

Back 16

necessary to maintain subsistence

Front 17

preventive checks

Back 17

monogamy (only 1 other partner)

Front 18

positive checks

Back 18

severe labor
disease
famines
war
natural disasters
drug excesses

Front 19

The socialist revolution

Back 19

marx and engels wrote the communist manifesto

Front 20

marx and engels views

Back 20

-said history and society are shaped by economies
-class struggle
-proletariat vs. bourgeoisie
-proletariats (industrial workers and the have nots)
-bourgeoisie (factory owners and the haves)
-hated capitalism

Front 21

why did marx and engels hate capitalism?

Back 21

-endless cycles of depression
-rich get richer and the poor get poorer

Front 22

Steps to the establishment of communism

Back 22

1. revolution of proletariats
-use of force to overthrow the bourgeoisie
-"proletariat has nothing to lose but its chains"
-"workers of the world unite"
2. Dictatorship of proletariat
-temporary until all competition eliminated
-classless society would emerge
3. establishment of communism
-public ownership of means of production
-competition for profit eliminated
-each works to their ability and receives according to need

Front 23

Adam Smith and what he believed in

Back 23

1. wrote: wealth of nations
2. father of capitalism
3. laissez-faire
4. invisible hand regulates economy
-self interest
-supply and demand
-competition
5. government has 3 purposes
-maintain an army
-public works
-police

Front 24

the romantic movement

Back 24

1. romantics rejected the rigidly ordered world of the middle class and emphasized:
-nature
-individual/human potential
-emotions/imagination
-mysterious and supernatural
-valued common people
-promoted radical change and democracy

Front 25

romanticism

Back 25

a movement in arts and ideas

Front 26

romanticism in literature

Back 26

1. the struggle of the individual against a harsh society
-les miserables by victor hugo
2. The gothic novel
-horror stories that took place in medieval gothic castles
i. fearful, violent and supernatural events
ii. mary shelley's frankenstein

Front 27

Realism

Back 27

-tried to show life as it was, not as it should be
-reaction to industrialization
-reflected increasing importance of the working class

Front 28

impressionism

Back 28

-painters in paris reacted against realistic style
-instead of showing life "as it really is" they tried giving their impression of a subject or a moment in time
-fascinated by light
-more positive view of the new urban society in western Europe
-instead of abused workers, they showed shop clerks and dock workers enjoying themselves
-performers in theater and circuses
-glorified the delights of the rising middle class

Front 29

principle of legitimacy

Back 29

a guideline used by Prince Klemens von Metternich during the Congress of Vienna in 1814, which meant that lawful monarchs were restored to their positions of power in order to keep peace and stability in Europe

Front 30

conservatism

Back 30

an ideology that favored obedience to political authority and the belief that organized religion was crucial to order in society

Front 31

principle of intervention

Back 31

the right of great powers to send armies into countries where there were revolutions in order to restore legitimate monarchs to their thrones

Front 32

liberalism

Back 32

the idea that people should be as free from restraint as possible; a belief in the protection of civil liberties or the basic rights of all people

Front 33

universal male suffrage

Back 33

the right of all adult men to vote

Front 34

multinational state

Back 34

a collection of different peoples

Front 35

How was order restored in Europe after Napolean's defeat?

Back 35

Congress of Vienna--> Metternich restores stability--> Containment of France

Front 36

Congress of Vienna (1814-1815)

Back 36

A. Goal- set up collective security and stability for the entire continent
B. representatives from 5 "Great powers" (ALL CONSERVATIVES- WANTED THE GOV'T BACK TO THE WAY IT WAS- MONARCHY)
-Prussia-- king fredrick william II
-Russia-- Czar Alexander
-Austria-- prince klemens von metternich
-England and France-- foreign ministers

Front 37

Metternich restores stability

Back 37

A. surround France with strong countries (redraw)
B. Established a balance of power
C. Legitimacy--- return monarchs to the thrones (XVIII)
D. Concert of Europe- alliance (everyone works together)

Front 38

Containment of France

Back 38

A. 39 German states were loosely joined to form the German Confederation (dominated by Austria)
B. Switzerland recognized as independent.
C. Kingdom of Sardinia in Italy was strengthened.