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61 Cards in this Set

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Immunity

the immune's systems capacity to protect individuals from disease by recognizing and eliminating potential pathogens


Pathogen

potential disease-generating agent



List the 4 types of pathogens

Bacteria, virus, parasite and fungi



Difference between nonspecific (Innate) immunity and specific (adaptive) immunity

Nonspecific: provides the first defenses against pathogens regardless of the type of pathogen





Specific: provides a stronger defense against a specific pathogen(s) and takes longer to develop



3 components of the Immune System

1) Physical/Chemical Barriers


2) Leukocytes


3) Lymphoid tissues

The Physical and Chemical barriers consist of which 2 main branches? Describe the outer epidermis and inner dermis.

- Skin and mucous


- Outer Epidermis: epithelial cells and keratin, lacks blood cells


- Inner dermis: sebaceous glands that secrete sebum



List the chemicals found under chemical barriers and where each is located

Lysozymes: in the saliva


HCl: in stomach


Acid: in urinary tract (and vagina in females)


Fatty acids:: in sebaceous glands

What are the first lines of defense
physical and chemical barriers

Antigen


foreign or abnormal substance

The three major lymphocytes

B Lymphocytes (B cells)


T Lymphocytes (T cells)


Null cells



Null cells

Lymphocyte cells that lack cell membrane components that are characteristic of B and T cells.


Ex: natural killer cells (NK cells)

B cells (B lymphocyte cells)

- when they come in contact with antigens, they develop into plasma cells




- these plasma cells secrete antibodies (only for the antigen the b cell came into contact with)




- the antibodies it secretes do not damage the bacteria but marks them for destruction

Antibodies (immunoglobulins)

Proteins in the plasma and interstitial fluid that target specific antigens for destruction.

T cells (T lymphocyte cells)

- do direct damage to antigens


- they contact infected, mutant and transplanted cells


- take several days to develop into active cytotoxic T cells that destroy theses antigens

Which lymphocyte cells develop into active cytotoxic cells and how do they destroy antigens?

-T cells


- Cytotoxic T cells kill antigens by secreting molecules that form pores in the target cell's membrane


- the rupture of its membrane causes the cell to fill with fluid (that seeps into it from outside) and bursts

3 categories of leukocytes

1) Phagocytes


2) Lymphocytes


3) Tissue Cells of Hematopoietic Origin


Two cells considered tissue cells of hematopoietic origin
Mast cells and dendritic cells

All blood cells, mast cells and dendritic cells derive from where?
bone marrow from the hematopoietic stem cells

Mast cells

- secrete histamine and other substances


- found in skin and mucous membranes

Dendritic cells

- able to phagocytose or endocytose cells


- able to activate certain types of T cells


- similar to macrophages



The 4 types of dendritic cells

- Langerhans cells


- Interstitial dendritic cells


- myeloid cells


- lymphoid dendritic cells

Lymphoid tissue

- third component of the immune system


- plays a major rule in defending the body against pathogens

The two types of lymphoid tissues

1) Central lymphoid tissues


2) Peripheral lymphoid tissues

What are the central lymphoid tissues?
Bone marrow, thymus and the fetal liver

Lymphoid tissue type that are the sites of lymphocyte production and maturation

Central lymphoid tissues

Lymphoid tissue type that are the sites where lymphocytes generally contact pathogens (and other antigens) and become activated as part of the immune response

Peripheral lymphoid tissues

T and B cells mature in the _____________________ tissues and then upon full maturity, migrate to the _____________________ tissues.

1) Central lymphoid tissues


2) Peripheral lymphoid tissues

What are the peripheral lymphoid tissues?

The adenoids, tonsils, lymph nodes, spleen, appendix, lymph nodules of the gastrointestinal tract and Peyer's patch (regions in lining of the gastrointestinal tract)

Virulence
The ability of a specific pathogen to cause a disease

Smallest type of pathogen, needs a host to survive

Virus



The transmission of this pathogen to another host, primarily through body secretions and excretions, is required for its survival

Bacteria



Difference between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and the toxins each release.

Gram-positive bacteria: take up cresyl violet


- release exotoxins: cytotoxins, neurotoxins and enterotoxins




Gram-negative bacteria: has enzymes that break up cresyl violet, preventing it from accessing the interior of the cell


- have endotoxins located on its walls that activate certain aspects of the immune system to cause fever & other symptoms

Differences between cytotoxins, neurotoxins and enterotoxins

Cytotoxins: attack host cells




Neurotoxins: interefere with nerve signaling




Enterotoxins: affect the lining of the gastrointestinal tract

In which two ways does bacteria cause disease?
Through the invasion of tissues and release of toxins

Vector

An organism that transmits a parasite from one host to another

Pathogen that invades a host in their quest to obtain nutrients, harming the host in the process
Parasite

2 Main classes of parasites

Protozoans: unicellular eukaryotic organisms


Metazoans: multicellular animals w/ different tissue types


(Ex: Worms - tapeworms and Arthropods- mice, lice)


Pathogen that absorbs nutrients from the environment and can cause infections on the skin or respiratory tract

Fungi

The body's nonspecific defenses include:

1) Physical barriers


2) Inflammation


3) Interferons


4) Complement System

Inflammation
Series of events that causing accumulation of proteins, fluids and phagocytic cells in an area of tissue that has been injured or invaded by microorganisms



- triggered by microbial invasion or damage to tissue

Interferons

small molecule that stimulates strong contractions in the smooth muscles of the bronchi, gastrointestinal tract, uterus and bladder


- makes small blood vessels dilate (expand) and become leaky


- stimulates nerve endings = twitching and pain


- stimulates bronchial mucus secretion, tear formation and salivation

Histamine

Interferons secreted by virus-infected cells
Interferon- a and Interferon-b
Interferon not secreted by virus-infected cells but active T cells and NK cells
Interferon-y
Perforins
proteins that form pores in the infected or abnormal cell's membrane
Cytokines
any of a number of substances (interferon, interleukin) that are secreted by certain cells of the immune system and have an effect on other cells
The three ways the complement system can be activated (name the pathways)

1) Classical


2) Lectin


3) Alternative

What initiates the classical pathway? Is it specific or non-specific

Binding of antibody to a pathogen




Specific

What initiates the lectin pathway? Specific or non-specific?

Binding of lectin in blood to mannose on bacteria's surface


Non-specific

What initiates the alternative pathway? Specific or non-specific?

Binding to carbohydrates on the surface of the bacteria. Initiated by: presence of yeast cell wall fragments, snake venom, normal hydrolysis of C3




Non-specific

What are the four mechanisms of protection that result from the complement system?

1) Opsonization



2) Leukocyte Recruitment




3) Histamine Secretion




4) MAC (Membrane-Attack Complex)

Opsonization

Antibodies covalently bonding to pathogens and acting as opsonins (making them easier to phagocytose)

MAC

Membrane-Attack Complex


- pore-forming proteins pierce holes in the bacterial membrane/surface = fluid fills = bacteria swells = bursts (same effect as Perforins and Cytotoxic T cells


Humoral Response


-caused by what cell


- defends against what and where

- caused by B cells


- defend against bacteria, toxins and viruses in the body's fluids




Cell-Mediated Response


- caused by what cell


- defends against what and where

- by T cells


- defend against bacteria and viruses hidden within infected body cells


Effector cells

- short-lived cells


- combat the same antigen that stimulated their production




(ex: plasma cell which is a B cell)

Memory cells


- long-lived cells


- have membrane receptors specific for the same antigen







Classical pathway vs. alternative

C: antibody binding, slower, specific


A: carbohydrate binding to bacteria surface, non-specific, faster