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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the 1st line of defence? |
Non-specific, intact skin & mucous membrane |
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What is the 2nd line of defence? |
Non-specific, inflammatory response, Phagocytic white blood cells (neutrophils & macrophages) Natural killer cells, |
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What is the 3rd line of defence? |
Specific, The immune system: lymphocytes & macrophages |
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What are the 4 cardinal signs? |
Redness (erythema) Swelling (Oedema) Heat Pain |
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What does a fever do? |
Raises body temp Raises metabolic rate Raises temp of inflamed tissues which inhibits growth & division of microbes& promotes phagocytes
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What are the 2 types of specific defence involved in the 3rd line of defence? |
Humoral Cell-mediated |
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What lymphocytes are involved in the humoral response? |
B-lymphocytes |
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Explain the key points of the humoral response? |
B-lymphocytes recognise & bind to antigens w/out an APC It happens outside cells They then divide into MEMORY B & PLASMA CELLS which produce ANTIBODIES |
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What lymphocytes are involved in cell-mediated immunity? |
T-lymphocytes |
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Explain the key points of cell-mediated immunity? |
T-lymphocytes become active when an APC display an antigen Happens inside cell Cytokines produced from T-helper cells which support & promote cytotoxic T-cells & macrophages |
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Where do mature b&t cells migrate to? |
Secondary lymphoid organs: Lymph nodes Spleen Tonsils External body surfaces |
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Where do all lymphocytes develop? |
Bone marrow from Haemopoietic stem cells |
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What happens to B-Lymphocytes? |
They remain in the bone marrow |
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What happens to T-lymphocytes? |
They migrate to the thylamus gland? |
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Name some types of lymphocytes |
White blood cells including Killer cells T cells B cells |
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What happen to monocytes? |
Some are phagocytic & others develop into macrophages that produce INTERLEUKIN 1 which causes an increase in body temp
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What is a macrophage? |
A phagocytic cell found in connective tissue |
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What is an Antigen Presenting Cell? |
When a macrophage ingests/digests an antigen & displays that antigen on their own cell surface |
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What % do B-cells make up circulating lymphocytes? |
10-15% |
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What do B-cells differentiate into? |
Plasma cells when stimulated by exposure to an antigen. Plasma cells produce antibodies |
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What are antibodies? |
Soluble proteins which react w/ antigens (immunoglobulins) |
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How are Memory B cells produced? |
Produced by the division of activated B cells following exposure to a particular antigen to be reactivated following later exposure to the same antigen |
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How are B-lymphocytes produced? |
After a period of 2ndary development in the bone marrow |
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What do B-lymphocytes produce? |
Surface receptors to an antigen |
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What does immunocompetent mean? |
Each B-lymphocyte develops 1 particular antigen |
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What % do T-cells make up circulating lymphocytes? |
80% of circulating lymphocytes |
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What are the 3 types of T cells? |
Cytotoxic T-cells Regulatory T-cells Memory T-cells |
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What do cytotoxic T-cells do? |
They attack foreign cells/body cells infected by viruses (cell-mediated immunity) |
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What are regulatory T-cells? |
Helper T-cells & Suppressor T-cells which control activation & activity of B cells |
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What are memory T-cells? |
Produced by the division of activated T-cells following exposure to a particular antigen to be reactivated following later exposure to the same antigen |
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How are T-lymphocytes produced? |
By 2ndary development in Thymus gland |
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What do T-lymphocytes respond to? |
They respond to antigens bound to the cell membrane |
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What sort of receptor do T-lymphocytes have? |
Two-part receptor (self & non-self) |
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What do T-lymphocytes provide defence against? |
Viral infections Neoplasms Transplanted tissue |
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What do T-lymphocytes produce? |
Cytokines-which increase numbers & activity of phagocytic cells and help healthy cells resist invasion by virons |
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What is cell-mediated immunity? |
DIRECT attack by activated T-cells (react w/ foreign antigens on the surface of other host cells) |
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What is Humoral (Antibody-mediated) immunity? |
Attack by circulating antibodies (immunoglobins) released by the plasma cells derived from activated B-cells |
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What is naturally active immunity? |
Binding of antigen by B/T cells Produces antibody producing Plasma cells, cytotoxic T cells and memory B/T cells |
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What is naturally passive immunity? |
Transfer of IgG antibodies from mother > foetus across placenta Transfer of IgA antibodies in breast milk |
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What is artificially active immunity? |
Antigens introduced by vaccination Leads to memory cell production
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What is artificially passive immunity? |
IV injection of immunoglobulins (antibodies) |
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What is the 1st exposure of normal immune response? |
picture |
